你、我，以及

Have we got a chapter for you. We’ve seen that nouns can be the simple subjects in sentences. There is another kind of word that can be a simple subject (and can play other roles in a sentence). It’s the pronoun: a word that takes the place of a noun that appeared earlier in the context. 我们*（we）给你（you）*准备了一章。我们已经看到，名词可以是句子中的简单主语。还有另一种词可以作简单主语（并且可以在句子中扮演其他角色）。它就是代词（pronoun）：一个代替语境中早先出现过的名词的词。

Common English pronouns include I, me, mine, you, yours, *he, she, it, him, her, his, hers, *and others. 常见的英语代词包括 I、me、mine、you、yours、he、she、it、him、her、his、hers 等。

When a pronoun takes the place of a noun, the noun replaced is called the antecedent of the pronoun. The antecedent usually appears before (ante-) its pronoun. 当一个代词代替一个名词时，被替代的名词称为该代词的先行词（antecedent）。先行词通常出现在其代词之前（ante-，意为“前”）。

In the sentences that follow, the pronouns are underlined. Not all of them are subjects: 在下面的句子中，代词加了下划线。它们并不全是主语：

Gershwin composed. He composed. 格什温作曲。他作曲。

(Gershwin is the antecedent of He.) （Gershwin 是 He 的先行词。）

George loves Ethel. He loves her. 乔治爱埃塞尔。他爱她。

(George is the antecedent of He, and Ethel is the antecedent of her.) （George 是 He 的先行词，Ethel 是 her 的先行词。）

Pearl painted Mr. Morton’s porch. She painted his porch. 珀尔粉刷了莫顿先生的门廊。她粉刷了他的门廊。

(*Pearl *is the antecedent of She, and Mr. Morton is the antecedent of his.) She enjoyed painting it. （Pearl 是 She 的先行词，Mr. Morton 是 his 的先行词。）她喜欢粉刷它。

(Porch is the antecedent of it.) （Porch 是 it 的先行词。）

THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS

人称代词

There are thousands of nouns in English but only a few dozen pronouns, and those we use most are called the personal pro- nouns. All of the pronouns in the sentences above, and all that we discuss in this chapter, are personal pronouns. 英语中有成千上万个名词，但代词只有几十个，而我们最常用的是称为人称代词（personal pronouns）的那些。上面句子中的所有代词，以及我们在本章讨论的所有代词，都是人称代词。

The following tables contain all of the personal pronouns in English, organized according to their several characteristics: 下表包含了英语中所有人称代词，按它们的几个特征排列：

Singular Personal Pronouns

单数人称代词

Nominative Objective Possessive 主格 宾格 所有格

First Person I me my, mine 第一人称 我 我 我的、我的

Second Person you you your, yours 第二人称 你 你 你的、你的

Third Person he, she, it him, her, it his, her, hers, its 第三人称 他、她、它 他、她、它 他的、她的、她的、它的

Notice that the third-person singular pronouns also have gender: he, she, or it. 注意，第三人称单数代词还有性之分：he、she 或 it。

Plural Personal Pronouns

复数人称代词

Nominative Objective Possessive 主格 宾格 所有格

First Person we us our, ours 第一人称 我们 我们 我们的、我们的

Second Person you you your, yours 第二人称 你 你 你的、你的

Third Person they them their, theirs 第三人称 他们 他们 他们的、他们的

Notice that the possessive pronouns like *yours, hers, and * theirs don’t contain apostrophes. The tables also show us that all personal pronouns are classified by number, singular or plural. 注意，像 yours、hers 和 theirs 这样的所有格代词不包含撇号。这些表还告诉我们，所有人称代词都按数分类，即单数或复数。

PRONOUNS AND PERSON

代词与人称

All personal pronouns are also classified by person. If you’re referring to yourself with pronouns, you use first-person pro- nouns: I, me, my, and mine, or the plural forms we, us, our(s). 所有人称代词还按人称（person）分类。如果你用代词指自己，你用第一人称代词：I、me、my 和 mine，或复数形式 we、us、our(s)。

If you’re referring to the person you’re speaking with, you use second-person pronouns: you and your(s). The plural forms are the same. 如果你指的是你正在与之交谈的人，你用第二人称代词：you 和 your(s)。复数形式相同。

If you’re referring to another person outside the conversation, you use third-person pronouns: 如果你指的是对话之外的另一个人，你用第三人称代词：

*he, she, it; * *him, her, it; and * his, her, its (or the plurals they, them, their, and theirs) 他、她、它；他、她、它；以及他的、她的、它的（或复数 they、them、their 和 theirs）

The third-person singular pronouns are also classified by gender: masculine** (he, him, his), feminine (she, her, hers), and ** neuter** (it, its). 第三人称单数代词还按性**（gender）分类：阳性（he、him、his）、阴性（she、her、hers）和中性（it、its）。

PRONOUNS AND CASE

代词与格

Finally, we classify personal pronouns by cases: the nomina- tive case, the possessive case, and the objective case. These terms are used all the time in discussions of language, so it’s help- ful to understand them. They refer to the forms of the pronouns that we use in certain positions in a sentence. 最后，我们按格（case）对人称代词分类：主格、所有格和宾格。这些术语在语言讨论中一直被使用，所以理解它们很有帮助。它们指的是我们在句子中某些位置使用的代词形式。

The pronouns in the nominative case are the ones we use as subjects: 主格的代词是我们用作主语的那些：

I talked to Mr. Morton. You talked to Mr. Morton. 我和莫顿先生谈了。你和莫顿先生谈了。

He talked to Mr. Morton. She talked to Mr. Morton. We talked to Mr. Morton. They talked to Mr. Morton, too, but he is still juggling vases. 他和莫顿先生谈了。她和莫顿先生谈了。我们和莫顿先生谈了。他们也和莫顿先生谈了，但他还在耍花瓶。

The pronouns in the possessive case are used to indicate possession, and most of the possessive pronouns have two forms: 所有格的代词用来表示所有关系，而且大多数所有格代词有两种形式：

Hey, that’s my vase. (Or, That vase is mine.) Hey, that’s your vase. (Or, That vase is yours.) Hey, that’s his vase. (That vase is his.) Hey, that’s her vase. (Or, That vase is hers.) Hey, that’s our vase. (Or, That vase is ours.) Hey, that’s their vase. (Or, That vase is theirs.) 嘿，那是我的花瓶。（或者，那个花瓶是我的。）嘿，那是你的花瓶。（或者，那个花瓶是你的。）嘿，那是他的花瓶。（那个花瓶是他的。）嘿，那是她的花瓶。（或者，那个花瓶是她的。）嘿，那是我们的花瓶。（或者，那个花瓶是我们的。）嘿，那是他们的花瓶。（或者，那个花瓶是他们的。）

Notice that there are no apostrophes in these –s possessives, or in its. This frequently confuses inexperienced writers. Apostro- phes show possession only with nouns: *yours, ours, theirs, but * children’s, women’s, Ruthie’s, Pearl’s, Mr. Morton’s. 注意，这些 –s 所有格中，以及 its 中，都没有撇号。这常常让缺乏经验的作者困惑。撇号只在名词上表示所有关系：yours、ours、theirs，而 children’s、women’s、Ruthie’s、Pearl’s、Mr. Morton’s。

The pronouns in the objective case are used for almost every other purpose in a sentence. For example, when pronouns are the objects of prepositions, they are always in the objective case: 宾格的代词用于句子中几乎所有其他目的。例如，当代词是介词的宾语时，它们总是宾格：

I gave the book to Julie. I gave it to her. Mike said that I can ride with him. Give the vase to me. Give it to us. Give it to them. 我把书给了朱莉。我把它给了她。迈克说我可以和他一起坐车。把花瓶给我。把它给我们。把它给他们。

If we’re native speakers of English, we typically use the correct cases naturally. What we may have trouble remembering, as stu- dents of grammar, are terms for the three cases and the forms they describe. If you need to, you can learn this simple test sentence to help you remember the terms for the three cases of pronouns: 如果我们是以英语为母语的人，我们通常会自然地使用正确的格。作为语法学习者，我们可能难以记住的是三种格的术语以及它们所描述的形式。如果需要，你可以记住这个简单的测试句来帮你记住代词三种格的术语：

N took O to P’s house. N 带 O 去了 P 的家。

Here, obviously, N, O, and P stand for the three cases: nominative, objective, and possessive. Insert the right pronoun in each position, and you will know the case of the pronouns in question: 这里，显然 N、O 和 P 代表三种格：主格、宾格和所有格。在每个位置填入正确的代词，你就能知道相关代词的格：

He took her to their house. They took us to her house. We took them to his house. 他带她去了他们的家。他们带我们去了她的家。我们带他们去了他的家。

In each case, the first pronoun is nominative, the second objective, and the third possessive. 在每种情况下，第一个代词是主格，第二个是宾格，第三个是所有格。

The personal pronouns are the most important pronouns in English. We’ll examine other kinds later. 人称代词是英语中最重要的代词。我们稍后会考察其他种类。

BE TENSE!

注意时态！

Because we’re learning about the matter of person in this chapter, it seems like a good time to return to verbs briefly, and to one in particular. 因为我们在本章学习人称的问题，这似乎是个好时机，让我们简要地回到动词，特别是一个动词。

The verb to be is the most frequently used verb in English, and it’s also the most irregular verb. Because its irregular forms are tied up with the matter of person, we’ll examine be in detail here. 动词 to be 是英语中最常用的动词，也是最不规则的动词。因为它的不规则形式与人称问题紧密相连，我们在这里详细考察 be。

These are the simple tenses of be. Notice how the forms change in the first, second, and third person, as well as in the singular and plural: 以下是 be 的简单时态。注意这些形式在第一、第二、第三人称中，以及单数和复数中如何变化：

Singular Present Past Future 单数 现在时 过去时 将来时

1st person I am I was I will be 第一人称 我是 我曾是 我将是

2nd person You are You were You will be 第二人称 你是 你曾是 你将是

3rd person He is He was He will be 第三人称 他是 他曾是 他将是

Plural Present Past Future 复数 现在时 过去时 将来时

1st person We are We were We will be 第一人称 我们是 我们曾是 我们将是

2nd person You are You were You will be 第二人称 你是 你曾是 你将是

3rd person They are They were They will be 第三人称 他们是 他们曾是 他们将是

Notice that the second-person forms are identical in the singu- lar and plural. Notice, too, that there is great variety in the singular tenses, which use six different forms (*am, are, is, was, were, and * be), but the plurals are more consistent. 注意，第二人称形式在单数和复数中相同。还要注意，单数时态形式多样，使用了六种不同的形式（am、are、is、was、were 和 be），而复数形式则更一致。

As we move from the simple tenses to the tenses that require more auxiliaries, there is less variation in *be. *For that reason, we’ll look only at the singular in the following tenses. 当我们从简单时态转到需要更多助动词的时态时，be 的变化减少了。因此，在下面的时态中我们只看单数。

These are the perfect tenses of be: 以下是 be 的完成时态：

Singular Present Past Future 单数 现在时 过去时 将来时

1st person I have been I had been I will have been 第一人称 我曾经是 我过去曾是 我将已经是

2nd person You have been You had been You will have been 第二人称 你曾经是 你过去曾是 你将已经是

3rd person She has been he had been She will have been 第三人称 她曾经是 他过去曾是 她将已经是

In the perfect tense, the main verb is always the past participle, been, and the auxiliaries have, had, and has show tense and number in every tense but the future. 在完成时态中，主动词总是过去分词 been，而助动词 have、had 和 has 在除将来时以外的每个时态中表示时态和数。

These are the progressive tenses of be: 以下是 be 的进行时态：

Singular Present Past Future 单数 现在时 过去时 将来时

1st person I am being I was being I will be being 第一人称 我正（是） 我过去正（是） 我将正（是）

2nd person You are being You were being You will be being 第二人称 你正（是） 你过去正（是） 你将正（是）

3rd person He is being He was being He will be being 第三人称 他正（是） 他过去正（是） 他将正（是）

Notice here and in the perfect progressive tense (which is below) that the main verb is always being. But the first auxiliary verb in these tenses show considerable variation: am, are, is, was, * and were*. 注意，在这里以及下面的完成进行时态中，主动词总是 being。但这些时态中的第一个助动词变化很大：am、are、is、was 和 were。

These are the perfect progressive tenses of be: 以下是 be 的完成进行时态：

Singular Present Past Future 单数 现在时 过去时 将来时

I have been being I had been being I will have been being 1st person You have been being You had been being You will have been being 2nd person He has been being He had been being He will have been being 3rd person （单数完成进行时态：第一人称 我一直（是）/ 我过去一直（是）/ 我将一直（是）；第二人称 你一直（是）/ 你过去一直（是）/ 你将一直（是）；第三人称 他一直（是）/ 他过去一直（是）/ 他将一直（是））

POINTS FOR WRITERS

写给写作者的要点

1. Use objective case pronouns as objects of prepositions.

1. 作介词宾语时使用宾格代词。

Sometimes you see nominative case pronouns used as objects of the prepositions: 有时你会看到主格代词被用作介词的宾语：

WRONG: Between Bob and I, we’ll get the job done. WRONG: Give the responsibility to Susan and I. 错误：我和鲍勃一起，我们会把工作做完。错误：把责任交给苏珊和我。

But the nominative case is never right in this position. Always use the objective case as the object of the preposition: 但主格在这个位置永远不对。总是用宾格作为介词的宾语：

Between Bob and me, we’ll get the job done. Give the report to Susan and me. 我和鲍勃之间，我们会把工作做完。把报告交给苏珊和我。

In the second example, you can make certain that you have the right pronoun by leaving out Susan: Give* the report to me.* If me is right in that sentence, it’s also right when used in to Susan and me. 在第二个例子中，你可以通过去掉苏珊来确定你用了正确的代词：把报告给我。如果 me 在那句话中是对的，那么用在给苏珊和我中也是对的。

In both sentences, plural pronouns like us could also work in place of the two objects, but the pronouns must still be in the objective case. 在两句话中，像 us 这样的复数代词也可以用来代替那两个宾语，但代词仍必须是宾格。

By the way, there is no grammatical reason to put me last in the two examples above; it’s a matter of courtesy. And courtesy is important, too. 顺便说一句，在上面两个例子中把 me 放在最后并没有语法上的理由；那是礼貌问题。而礼貌也很重要。

2. Use pronoun gender carefully.

2. 谨慎使用代词的性。

The third-person singular pronouns (he, she, it, and the others) can be troublesome. Consider this passage: 第三人称单数代词（he、she、it 及其他）可能很麻烦。请看这段文字：

Each physician should submit his credentials to the hospital’s human resources department. Each nurse must submit her credentials, too. 每位医生都应将他的资格证书提交给医院的人力资源部门。每位护士也必须提交她的资格证书。

In the past, these sentences may have been completely acceptable to most readers and editors. As you know, they are not acceptable today. Most readers and editors object to the apparent assumption that all physicians are men and all nurses are women. 过去，这些句子对大多数读者和编辑来说可能是完全可接受的。如你所知，它们在今天不可接受。大多数读者和编辑反对那种明显的假定——即所有医生都是男人、所有护士都是女人。

Today the usual way to avoid this problem, and the way we recommend in most cases, is to make the sentence plural: 今天，避免这个问题通常的做法——也是我们在大多数情况下推荐的做法——是把句子改成复数：

All physicians and nurses must submit their credentials to the hospital’s human resources department. 所有医生和护士都必须将他们的资格证书提交给医院的人力资源部门。

Sometimes we can omit pronouns altogether: 有时我们可以完全省略代词：

All physicians and nurses must submit credentials . . . . 所有医生和护士都必须提交资格证书……

Other ways, like the use of his or her or his/her, are possible, but some editors regard them as awkward or wordy. 其他方式，比如使用 his or her 或 his/her，也是可能的，但有些编辑认为它们笨拙或啰嗦。

There’s still another way. Today *they, them, and their are * sometimes used as singular pronouns, when you don’t know the gender of the antecedent: 还有另一种方式。今天，当你不知道先行词的性别时，they、them 和 their 有时被用作单数代词：

Tell your doctor to send me their diagnosis of your case. 告诉你的医生把他们对你的病例的诊断发给我。

Some people approve, and some don’t, so (in certain profes- sional contexts) tread carefully and consider the context. Again, you can rewrite the sentence to sidestep the entire issue: Send me * the diagnosis . . . .* 有些人赞成，有些人不赞成，所以（在某些专业语境中）要谨慎行事并考虑语境。同样，你可以改写句子来回避整个问题：把诊断发给我……

3. Avoid pronoun ambiguity.

3. 避免代词歧义。

Used carelessly, pronouns can be confusing. 使用不当，代词会令人困惑。

CONFUSING: The speaker discussed the causes of the reces- sion, but I didn’t understand it at all. 混乱：演讲者讨论了衰退的原因，但我完全不理解它。

BETTER: In his speech, the speaker discussed the causes of the recession, but I didn’t understand him at all. 更好：在他的演讲中，演讲者讨论了衰退的原因，但我完全不理解他。

BETTER: The speaker discussed the causes of the recession in his speech, but I didn’t understand it at all. 更好：演讲者在他的演讲中讨论了衰退的原因，但我完全不理解它。

These three sentences demonstrate the importance of select- ing the right pronouns for your context. This is called pronoun ** agreement. When writers neglect pronoun agreement, they of- ten confuse their readers. 这三个句子说明了为语境选择正确的代词的重要性。这称为代词一致**（pronoun agreement）。当作者忽视代词一致时，他们常常让读者困惑。

Here are two more examples of pronoun ambiguity. In these sentences, what is the antecedent of she? 这里还有两个代词歧义的例子。在这些句子中，she 的先行词是什么？

Sally’s mother has collected dolls since she was twelve years old. 萨利的母亲从她十二岁起就收集玩偶。

Sally told her mother that she was too old to play with dolls. 萨利告诉她母亲，她太大了，不能玩玩偶了。

The reader shouldn’t have to guess who she is. It’s usually easy to rewrite the sentences to avoid ambiguity: 读者不该去猜 she 是谁。通常很容易改写句子来避免歧义：

Sally’s mother has collected dolls for twenty-three years. 萨利的母亲收集玩偶已有二十三年了。

Sally thought that her mother was too old to play with dolls and told her so. 萨利认为她母亲太大了，不能玩玩偶了，并这样告诉了她。

(Sally is asking for trouble.) （萨利在自找麻烦。）

4. Maintain a consistent point of view.

4. 保持一致的视角。

That is, don’t change pronouns unnecessarily.** **Consider the confused point of view in this paragraph: 也就是说，不要不必要地更换代词。请考虑这段文字中混乱的视角：

When you have worked with adolescents for a few months, you will know what to expect. People who work with adolescents learn quickly what problems they will encounter in most situations. You get to know how they think. 当你和青少年一起工作几个月后，你就会知道该期待什么。和青少年一起工作的人很快就能了解到在大多数情况下他们会遇到什么问题。你会了解他们怎么想。

Don’t shift point of view without a good reason. Be consistent in your use of pronouns. Use third person or, when reasonable, first person, or a careful combination of first and third. 没有充分理由，不要转换视角。在使用代词时要保持一致。使用第三人称，或在合理时使用第一人称，或谨慎地结合第一和第三人称。

Use second person (you) when it makes sense to address the reader directly. 当你直接对读者说话说得通时，使用第二人称（you）。

Here’s an improved version of the same paragraph: 下面是同一段文字的改进版本：

After you have worked with adolescents for a few months, you will know what to expect. You will quickly learn what problems you will encounter in most situations. You will get to know how they think. 在你和青少年一起工作几个月后，你就会知道该期待什么。你会很快了解到在大多数情况下你会遇到什么问题。你会了解他们怎么想。

Inexperienced writers sometimes overuse the second-person pronouns, but it is usually acceptable in instructions like the passage above, or in personal communications like letters and emails. The second-person is also useful in establishing a more informal, conversational tone, as we have done in these chapters. 缺乏经验的作者有时会过度使用第二人称代词，但在像上面那段说明文字中，或在信件和电子邮件等私人交流中，它通常是可以接受的。第二人称在建立更非正式、对话式的语气时也很有用，正如我们在这些章节中所做的那样。

It is also grammatical to use the indefinite pronoun one in passages like this: 在这种文字中使用不定代词 one 在语法上也是成立的：

After one has worked with adolescents for a few months, one will know what to expect. One quickly learns what problems will be encountered in most situations. 在一个人和青少年一起工作几个月后，他就会知道该期待什么。一个人很快就能了解到在大多数情况下会遇到什么问题。

This use of one is now often seen as excessively formal and impersonal, and even awkward. Using you is usually a better idea. 这种 one 的用法现在常被视为过于正式、非个人化，甚至笨拙。通常，使用 you 是更好的主意。

5. Use pronouns precisely.

5. 准确地使用代词。

Using *they, you, *and it imprecisely is often a symptom of careless writing: 不精确地使用 they、you 和 it 常常是粗心写作的症状：

WRONG: They don’t allow you to build fires in the city park. 错误：他们不允许你在城市公园里生火。

BETTER: The city doesn’t allow anyone to build fires in the city park. 更好：城市不允许任何人在城市公园里生火。

WRONG: It says in the letter that your band, Noise Pollution, is banned from performing in the city limits. 错误：信里说你的乐队“噪音污染”被禁止在市界内演出。

BETTER: The City Council says in its letter that your band, Noise Pollution, is banned from performing in the city limits. 更好：市议会在它的信中说，你的乐队“噪音污染”被禁止在市界内演出。

EXERCISES

练习

**7a. **In this exercise, you need to write five versions of the same short sentence. Each version will use a different pronoun. 7a. 在这个练习中，你需要写出同一短句的五个版本。每个版本使用一个不同的代词。

First read the pronouns in the parentheses after each sentence. Then, for each pronoun, find the correct case to insert into the blank. Consult the pronoun tables in this chapter if you need to. 首先阅读每句话后面括号里的代词。然后，对每个代词，找出应填入空处的正确格。如果需要，请查阅本章的代词表。

Example: 示例：

Give the book to _____. (I, he, we, they, she) 把书给____。（I, he, we, they, she）

Give the book to me. Give the book to him. Give the book to us. Give the book to them. Give the book to her. 把书给我。把书给他。把书给我们。把书给他们。把书给她。

As you can see, to complete the sentence, you needed the objective case for each of the requested pronouns (I, he, we, they, she). 如你所见，要完成这个句子，你需要的每个被要求的代词都是宾格（I、he、we、they、she）。

Use the objective case in these sentences: 在这些句子中使用宾格：

  1. You can go with _____. (I, he, we, they, she)

  2. 你可以和____一起去。（I, he, we, they, she）

  3. We will take _____ to the mall. (he, she, they, you)

  4. 我们会带____去商场。（he, she, they, you）

Use the nominative case in this sentence: 在这个句子中使用主格：

  1. _____ can go with me. (him, her, you, them, us)
  2. ____可以和我一起去。（him, her, you, them, us）

Use the possessive case in these sentences: 在这些句子中使用所有格：

  1. That book isn’t yours. It’s _____. (I, he, we, they, she)

  2. 那本书不是你的。它是____。（I, he, we, they, she）

  3. We won’t go to your place. We’ll go to _____ place. (I, he,

  4. 我们不去你的地方。我们会去____的地方。（I, he, we, they, she) we, they, she）

7b. Write the pronoun that is specified by the terms. Usually only one pronoun is possible for each exercise. Consult the pronoun tables when you need to. 7b. 写出由术语规定的代词。通常每个练习只有一个可能的代词。需要时请查阅代词表。

Example: 示例：

First-person nominative singular: I Second-person possessive: your, yours Masculine third-person objective singular: him 第一人称主格单数：I 第二人称所有格：your, yours 阳性第三人称宾格单数：him

  1. First-person objective singular:

  2. 第一人称宾格单数：

  3. First-person objective plural:

  4. 第一人称宾格复数：

  5. Second-person nominative singular (or plural):

  6. 第二人称主格单数（或复数）：

  7. Feminine third-person nominative singular:

  8. 阴性第三人称主格单数：

  9. Third-person nominative plural:

  10. 第三人称主格复数：

  11. Third-person objective singular (masculine):

  12. 第三人称宾格单数（阳性）：

  13. Third-person objective plural:

  14. 第三人称宾格复数：

  15. First-person nominative plural:

  16. 第一人称主格复数：

  17. First-person possessive singular:

  18. 第一人称所有格单数：

  19. Neuter third-person nominative singular:

  20. 中性第三人称主格单数：

7c. Classify the following pronouns according to person (first-, second-, or third-person), case (nominative, objective, or possessive), and number (singular or plural). With the third-person singular pronouns, also classify gender (masculine, feminine, or neuter). Consult the tables when necessary. 7c. 按人称（第一、第二或第三人称）、格（主格、宾格或所有格）和数（单数或复数）对下列代词分类。对于第三人称单数代词，还要按性（阳性、阴性或中性）分类。必要时请查阅表格。

Examples: 示例：

I (First-person nominative singular) Me (First-person objective singular) I（第一人称主格单数） Me（第一人称宾格单数）

  1. My

  2. 我的

  3. He

  4. 他

  5. Him

  6. 他（宾格）

  7. Its

  8. 它的

  9. Yours

  10. 你的

  11. We

  12. 我们

  13. Us

  14. 我们（宾格）

  15. Our

  16. 我们的

  17. They

  18. 他们

  19. Them

  20. 他们（宾格）

**7d. **In the following sentences, identify and correct carelessly used pronouns. Some sentences may require some rewriting, and some of the underscored pronouns are correct. In some cases, there may be more than one way to rewrite the sentence. 7d. 在下列句子中，找出并改正使用粗心的代词。有些句子可能需要改写，有些带下划线的代词是正确的。在某些情况下，可能有不止一种改写方式。

  1. If anyone sees a problem, he should report it immediately.

  2. 如果有人看到问题，他应该立即报告。

  3. Neither excessive heat nor cold will damage the crop unless

  4. 过度的热或冷都不会损害庄稼，除非 they last for weeks. 它们持续数周。

  5. Its time to study grammar.

  6. 是时候学习语法了。

  7. If people want to do well in this course, you should be

  8. 如果人们想在这门课中取得好成绩，你应该 prepared to work hard. 准备好努力学习。

  9. Each of these books has their correct place on the shelves.

  10. 这些书中的每一本在书架上都有它正确的位置。

  11. Jim helped Jerry get to his apartment.

  12. 吉姆帮杰瑞到了他的公寓。

  13. A medical doctor needs to know her science well.

  14. 一名医生需要好好掌握她的科学。

  15. Our dog has something in it’s paw.

  16. 我们的狗的爪子里有什么东西。

  17. The tires need replacing and it needs a new transmission,

  18. 轮胎需要更换，它需要一个新的变速箱， but I only paid five hundred dollars for it. 但我只花了五百美元买它。

  19. As the bicyclists sped by the crowd, some of them nearly

  20. 当自行车手从人群旁飞驰而过时，他们中的一些 hit them. 差点撞到他们。

**7e. **Complete the following tables for the simple tenses of the verb to be. Some subjects have been provided. 7e. 完成下列动词 to be 简单时态的表格。有些主语已给出。

Simple tenses: 简单时态：

Singular Present Past Future 单数 现在时 过去时 将来时

1st person I 第一人称 我

2nd person You 第二人称 你

3rd person He 第三人称 他

Plural Present Past Future 复数 现在时 过去时 将来时

1st person We 第一人称 我们

2nd person You 第二人称 你

3rd person They 第三人称 他们

**7f. **Complete the following table for the perfect tenses of the verb to be. Also provide pronouns as subjects of the verbs. 7f. 完成下列动词 to be 完成时态的表格。还要给出作为动词主语的代词。

Singular Present Past Future 单数 现在时 过去时 将来时

1st person 第一人称

2nd person 第二人称

3rd person 第三人称

**7g. **Complete the following tables for the progressive and perfect progressive tenses of the verb to be. Also provide pronouns as subjects of the verbs. 7g. 完成下列动词 to be 进行时态和完成进行时态的表格。还要给出作为动词主语的代词。

Progressive 进行时态

Singular Present Past Future 单数 现在时 过去时 将来时

1st person 第一人称

2nd person 第二人称

3rd person 第三人称

Perfect Progressive 完成进行时态

Singular Present Past Future 单数 现在时 过去时 将来时

1st person 第一人称

2nd person 第二人称

3rd person 第三人称