关系从句，

In this chapter we learn about another kind of dependent clause, the relative clause. There are two kinds of relative clauses. The first that we’ll examine is based on the relative pronouns; the second is based on the relative adverbs. 在本章中，我们将学习另一种从属从句——关系从句（relative clause）。关系从句有两类。我们首先考察的是基于关系代词的关系从句；第二类是基于关系副词的关系从句。

THEY’RE ALL RELATIVE

它们都是关系词

The relative pronouns are 关系代词（relative pronouns）有

who whom whose which that who（谁）　whom（谁，宾格）　whose（谁的）　which（哪一个）　that（那个）

(Whom is the objective form of who; whose is the possessive.) （whom 是 who 的宾格形式；whose 是属格/所有格形式。）

Committing these five relative pronouns to memory will help you recognize relative clauses. 将这五个关系代词牢记于心，有助于你识别关系从句。

As you’ll see in the examples below, relative pronouns begin relative clauses. The relative clauses are underlined: 正如你在下面的例子中将看到的，关系代词引导关系从句。下面关系从句已加下划线：

The man who spoke to you is my uncle. My uncle is the man whom you saw. 那位跟你说话的男人是我叔叔。我叔叔就是你看到的那个人。

The woman whose car you hit is my neighbor. The car, which is a total wreck, is a Chevrolet. The car that you hit is a Chevrolet. 你撞了车的那个女人是我的邻居。那辆车——which 已完全报废——是一辆雪佛兰。你撞的那辆车是一辆雪佛兰。

Relative clauses modify nouns in a sentence. They cannot be moved around like subordinate clauses, but always appear after the nouns they modify. 关系从句修饰句中的名词。它们不能像从属从句那样随意移动，而是总是出现在其所修饰的名词之后。

Relative pronouns play two roles in a sentence. First, relative pronouns connect their own clause to another clause, which is usually independent. Second, as pronouns, they stand in for nouns. The relative pronoun appears in the relative clause, and the antecedent of the pronoun is in the independent clause. 关系代词在句中扮演两个角色。首先，关系代词将其所在的从句与另一个从句（通常是独立从句）连接起来。其次，作为代词，它们替代名词。关系代词出现在关系从句中，而该代词的先行词则出现在独立从句中。

Here’s an important point: The antecedent of the relative pronoun is always the noun modified by the relative clause. 这里有一个要点：关系代词的先行词永远是受关系从句修饰的那个名词。

To examine relative clauses further (or even farther), let’s begin with two brief independent clauses: 为了进一步（甚至更“远”地）考察关系从句，让我们从两个简短的独立从句开始：

  1. The job is part-time.

  2. 这份工作是兼职。

  3. You want the job.

  4. 你想要这份工作。

With a relative pronoun, we can replace the words the job in Sentence 2 with the relative pronoun that to create (with a bit of rearranging) a relative clause: that you want. Then we can embed that clause into the middle of Sentence 1: 借助关系代词，我们可以用关系代词 that 替换句 2 中的 the job，从而（稍作调整）构成一个关系从句：that you want（你想要的）。然后我们可以将该从句嵌入句 1 的中间：

  3. The job that you want is part-time.

  4. 你想要的那份工作（that you want）是兼职。

The words that you want make up the relative clause, which is now part of Sentence 1, the independent clause. that you want 这几个词构成了关系从句，它现在是独立从句（句 1）的一部分。

As you’ve just seen, with relative pronouns we can combine two independent clauses into one complex sentence. The resulting sentence has one independent clause and one relative clause embedded inside the independent clause. And, of course, the sentence may contain more than two clauses. 正如你刚才所见，借助关系代词，我们可以把两个独立从句合并为一个复合句。所得到的句子有一个独立从句和一个嵌入在独立从句之中的关系从句。当然，这个句子也可能包含两个以上从句。

As the example above shows, the relative clause is adjectival: the relative clause modifies job. Relative clauses are always adjec- tival and always follow the nouns they modify*.* 正如上面的例子所示，关系从句具有形容词性质：关系从句修饰 job（工作）。关系从句始终是形容词性的，并且总是跟在它们所修饰的名词之后。

The word order often changes in the relative clause because the relative pronoun must appear early in the clause. 关系从句中的词序常常发生变化，因为关系代词必须出现在从句的开头。

Here’s another example, using who. We’ll begin with two independent clauses: 这里是另一个使用 who 的例子。我们将从两个独立从句开始：

  1. That man is my uncle.

  2. 那个人是我叔叔。

  3. That man talked to you.

  4. 那个人跟你说过话。

Now, we use who to replace that man in Sentence 2. Then we embed the resulting relative clause into the middle of Sentence 1: 现在，我们用 who 替换句 2 中的 that man。然后将所得到的关系从句嵌入句 1 的中间：

  3. That man who talked to you is my uncle.

  4. 跟你说过话的那个人（who talked to you）是我叔叔。

Here’s another example, using whom: 这是另一个使用 whom 的例子：

  1. The man is my uncle.

  2. 那个人是我叔叔。

  3. You saw the man.

  4. 你看到了那个人。

Again we replace the man in Sentence 2 with whom, move the relative pronoun to the beginning of the clause, and combine the clauses: 同样地，我们用 whom 替换句 2 中的 the man，将关系代词移到从句开头，并将两个从句合并：

  3. The man whom you saw is my uncle.

  4. 你看到的那个人（whom you saw）是我叔叔。

Here are more sentences with relative clauses: 以下是更多包含关系从句的句子：

I got the job, which is part-time. I borrowed the broom from the woman whose house I rent. 我得到了那份工作，which 是兼职。我向那个女人借了扫帚，whose 房子是我租的。

Relative pronouns can be the objects of prepositions. In that case, the relative pronoun appears just after the preposition in the relative clause: 关系代词可以是介词的宾语。在这种情况下，关系代词出现在关系从句中介词的紧后面：

There is the man to whom you must speak. 那边有一位你必须对他说话的男人。（There is the man to whom you must speak.）

In all of these examples, and any others we might find, we see the same features of the relative clause built with relative pronouns: 在所有这些例子以及我们可能见到的其他例子中，我们都能看到用关系代词构成的关系从句所具有的相同特征：

  1. The relative pronoun appears at or near the beginning of the relative clause.

  2. 关系代词出现在关系从句的开头或靠近开头的位置。

  3. In its clause, the relative pronoun stands in for the modified noun, which is always the antecedent of the relative pronoun.

  4. 在其从句中，关系代词替代被修饰的名词，而这个名词始终是关系代词的先行词。

  5. The relative clause follows the antecedent—that is, it follows the modified noun. This means that relative clauses cannot appear at the beginning of a sentence, as subordinate clauses can, but only in the middle or at the end.

  6. 关系从句跟在先行词之后——也就是说，它跟在被修饰的名词之后。这意味着关系从句不能像从属从句那样出现在句首，而只能出现在句中或句末。

ADVERBS, RELATIVELY

关系副词

There are just two relative adverbs, when and where, and, like the relative pronouns, they help us form relative clauses that are adjectival. Yes, it seems odd that an adverb is the basis of an adjectival clause, but wait and see. 关系副词（relative adverbs）只有两个——when 和 where——并且和关系代词一样，它们帮助我们构成具有形容词性质的关系从句。是的，一个副词竟是形容词性从句的基础，这看起来似乎有些奇怪，但且看下文。

The relative adverbs when and where are like relative pronouns in other ways: They seem to refer back to a noun earlier in the sentence, and they begin the clause they introduce. 关系副词 when 和 where 在其他方面也类似于关系代词：它们似乎回指句中较早出现的一个名词，并且它们引导其所引出的从句。

We use when to begin a relative clause that modifies a noun that names times: 我们用 when 来引导一个修饰表示时间的名词的关系从句：

I have to finish this paper by noon, when it is due. The year 1929, when the stock market crashed, is the subject of this new book. 我必须在中午之前完成这篇论文，when 是交稿时间。1929 年——when 股市崩盘——是这本新书的主题。

In each case, the relative clauses are underlined, and when 在每种情况下，关系从句都加了下划线，而 when

is an adverb in the relative clause. When refers to the time noun (noon, the year 1929) that is modified by the relative clause. 在关系从句中是一个副词。When 指代被关系从句修饰的时间名词（noon 中午、the year 1929 1929 年）。

We use where in relative clauses that modify nouns that name places: 我们在修饰表示地点的名词的关系从句中使用 where：

Her favorite city is Atlanta, where she was born. 她最喜爱的城市是亚特兰大，where 她出生在那里。

Marshfield, Missouri, where astronomer Edwin Hubble grew up, is a pleasant little town. 密苏里州的马什菲尔德——where 天文学家埃德温·哈勃在那里长大——是一个宜人的小城镇。

In each sentence, the relative clause modifies the place word (Atlanta and Marshfield, Missouri) that precedes the relative adverb. 在每个句子中，关系从句都修饰位于关系副词之前的位置词（Atlanta 亚特兰大 和 Marshfield, Missouri 密苏里州马什菲尔德）。

Here are some more examples: 以下是一些更多的例子：

This is a month when temperatures are low. 这是一个气温偏低的月份**（when** 气温低）。

I know a store where we will find that book. 我知道一家书店**（where** 我们会在那里找到那本书）。

This is the time of year when days get shorter. 这是一年中白昼变短的季节**（when** 白天变短）。

I know of a spooky abandoned house where ghosts, were- wolves, and my old high school teachers have been seen. 我知道一所阴森的废弃房子**（where** 有人见过鬼魂、狼人和我以前的高中老师）。

(That last sentence is not true. There are no such things as werewolves.) （最后一句话不是真的。世界上根本没有狼人这种东西。）

In this chapter, all the sentences containing relative clauses are complex sentences, with one independent clause and one de- pendent clause. But relative clauses can also appear in sentences with more clauses. 在本章中，所有包含关系从句的句子都是复合句，含有一个独立从句和一个从属从句。但关系从句也可以出现在含有更多从句的句子之中。

In sentences built with relative adverbs, we all find the same features: 在用关系副词构成的句子中，我们同样能发现相同的特征：

  1. The relative adverb appears at the beginning of the relative

clause*.*

  1. 关系副词出现在关系从句的开头。

  2. The relative adverb is selected on the basis of the word that will be modified by the relative clause: when to modify time words, and where to modify place words.

  3. 关系副词是根据将被关系从句修饰的词来选择的：用 when 修饰时间词，用 where 修饰地点词。

  4. The relative clause follows the modified word. This means that relative adverb clauses cannot appear at the beginning of a sentence, as subordinate clauses can, but only in the middle or at the end.

  5. 关系从句跟在被修饰的词之后。这意味着关系副词从句不能像从属从句那样出现在句首，而只能出现在句中或句末。

These features are noticeably similar to the features of the relative clauses built with pronouns. (You did notice that, didn’t you? Didn’t you?) 这些特征与用代词构成的关系从句的特征明显相似。（你确实注意到了，对吧？对吧？）

POINTS FOR WRITERS

写给写作者

1. Omitted relative adverbs.

1. 省略的关系副词。

Sometimes in casual writing and conversation, the relative adverbs when and where are left out: 在非正式的写作和口语中，关系副词 when 和 where 有时会被省略：

This is the time of year days get shorter. This is the month temperatures are low. I know a place we can find that new book. 这是一年中白昼变短（的时候）。这是气温偏低（的月份）。我知道一个（我们）能找到那本新书的地方。

Generally ignored in conversation, these omissions sometimes seem odd in writing. Don’t do this in your formal writing**.** 这些省略在口语中通常不被注意，但在写作中有时显得奇怪。在你的正式写作中不要这样做**。**

2. Restrictive and non-restrictive clauses.

2. 限制性与非限制性从句。

Consider these two sentences, both of them containing the same relative clause. Do you see the differences in the meaning of these two sentences? 考虑下面这两个句子，两者都包含同一个关系从句。你看出这两个句子在意义上的区别了吗？

All politicians who are crooks should go to jail. 所有是骗子的政客都应该进监狱。

All politicians**,** who are crooks**,** should go to jail. 所有的政客——都是骗子——都应该进监狱。

The commas make a big difference. In the first sentence, we’re told that only those politicians who are crooks should go to jail. 逗号造成了巨大的区别。在第一个句子里，我们被告知只有那些是骗子的政客才应该进监狱。

In the second, we’re told parenthetically that all politicians are crooks, and they all should go to the hoosegow. 在第二个句子里，我们通过插入语得知所有政客都是骗子，并且他们全都应该进监狱（the hoosegow，俚语，指监狱）。

We’re comparing restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses here. In the first sentence, the restrictive clause restricts the meaning of all politicians to include *only *those who are crooks. The non-restrictive clause in the second sentence informs us that all politicians are crooks. 我们在这里比较的是限制性（restrictive）和非限制性（non-restrictive）关系从句。在第一个句子中，限制性从句把 all politicians（所有政客）的含义限制为只包括那些是骗子的人。第二个句子中的非限制性从句则告诉我们所有政客都是骗子。

The pair of commas in the second sentence (known as paren- thetical commas) make the enclosed information supplemental, so that the relative clause does not modify or restrict the words all * politicians. 第二个句子中的那对逗号（被称为插入性逗号*，parenthetical commas）使被括起来的信息成为补充性的，因此关系从句并不修饰或限制 all politicians（所有政客）这几个词。

Here are some more examples: 以下是一些更多的例子：

It’s fun to watch magicians who are clever. It’s fun to watch magicians**,** who are clever. 看聪明的魔术师表演很有趣。看魔术师表演很有趣——他们都很聪明。

The first sentence tells us that only some magicians (those who are clever) are fun. The second sentence gives us some supplemen- tary information about all magicians. 第一个句子告诉我们只有部分魔术师（那些聪明的）才有趣。第二个句子则给出了关于所有魔术师的一些补充信息。

Notice that the non-restrictive clauses could be enclosed in parentheses instead of commas. 注意，非限制性从句也可以用圆括号而不是逗号括起来。

In some sentences, the commas don’t seem to make much difference: 在有些句子中，逗号似乎没有造成太大区别：

I dislike those baseball fans who are rude. I dislike those baseball fans**,** who are rude. 我讨厌那些粗鲁的棒球迷。我讨厌那些棒球迷——他们很粗鲁。

In both cases, we’re speaking about a particular group of fans, although the first sentence seems to be about all rude fans; the second, about a particular group of rude fans. 在这两种情况下，我们说的都是某一特定群体的球迷，尽管第一个句子似乎是关于所有粗鲁的球迷，而第二个句子则是关于特定的一群粗鲁球迷。

3. Troublesome relatives.

3. 棘手的关系词。

Some grammar books include why among the relative adverbs: 有些语法书把 why 也列入关系副词：

I know the reason why he left. 我知道他离开的原因。（I know the reason why he left.）

But sentences like this are considered redundant, because we can usually delete the modified noun (reason) without losing any information: 但这样的句子被认为是冗余的，因为我们通常可以删去被修饰的名词（reason 原因）而不丢失任何信息：

I know why he left. 我知道他为什么离开。（I know why he left.）

In this new sentence, why he left is not a relative clause, but a nominal clause, which we’ll learn about in Chapter 12. 在这个新句子中，why he left（他离开的原因）不是一个关系从句，而是一个名词性从句（nominal clause），我们将在第 12 章学习它。

4. More troublesome relatives.

4. 更多棘手的关系词。

(You know, it’s hard to avoid troublesome relatives.) Notice the ambiguous use of which in this sentence: （要知道，避免棘手的关系词可真难。）注意下面这个句子中 which 的歧义用法：

The senator said he believed that the general will resign, and the newspaper published an editorial agreeing with what the senator said, which disappointed me. 参议员说他相信将军将会辞职，而报纸发表了一篇社论赞同参议员的表态，which 让我感到失望。

Using pronouns near the end of long sentences can confuse readers, who may not be able to tell what the precise antecedent is. (In the example above, what does which refer to?) This is an important point because clarity is always important. Make sure antecedents are clear. 在长句接近末尾处使用代词会让读者感到困惑，他们可能无法判断准确的先行词是什么。（在上面的例子中，which 指代的是什么？）这一点很重要，因为清晰性始终很重要。务必确保先行词清晰明确。

To improve a sentence like the one above, you may need to break it up into two or more sentences, and you certainly want to make clear what disappointed you: 要改进上面那样的句子，你可能需要把它拆分成两个或更多句子，而且你肯定想要说清楚是什么让你感到失望：

The senator disappointed me when he said . . . I was disappointed to hear that the general will resign . . . The newspaper editorial disappointed me when . . . 参议员说……时让我失望。听说将军将要辞职让我感到失望……报纸的社论让我失望，因为……

5. Who or that?

5. who 还是 that？

Compare these sentences: 比较这些句子：

I’ll speak with the man who runs this place. I’ll speak with the man that runs this place. 我要和那个经营此地的人谈谈。我要和那个经营此地的人谈谈。

We use both versions in informal communication, and few people notice or care. In formal writing, however, many writers and editors prefer to use only who (and whom)* *to refer to people. 在非正式交流中我们两种说法都用，很少有人注意或在意。然而在正式写作中，许多作者和编辑倾向于只用 who（和 whom）来指代人。

6. Who or whom?

6. who 还是 whom？

Because a relative pronoun always has a grammatical function in its relative clause, sometimes we have to decide when to use who or* whom. Who* is the nominative form of the pronoun, used for subjects; whom is the objective. Compare: 因为关系代词在其关系从句中总有一个语法功能，有时我们不得不决定何时使用 who 还是 whom。who 是代词的主格形式，用作主语；whom 是宾格。比较：

I’ll speak with the man who runs this place. That is the man with whom I spoke. 我要和那个经营此地的男人谈谈。那是我与之交谈过的男人。

Writers and speakers are often uncertain about when to use whom, which may be one reason many people prefer that instead. Let’s sort some matters out. 作者和说话者常常不确定何时该用 whom，这可能是许多人宁愿用 that 的一个原因。让我们来理清一些问题。

When the pronoun follows a preposition (as in the second example above), the grammatically correct choice is whom: *With * whom I spoke. 当代词跟在介词之后时（如上面的第二个例子），语法上正确的选择是 whom：With whom I spoke（我与……交谈）。

Sometimes rearranging the sentence, or part of it, makes the choice easier. If we’re ending a sentence with a preposition (as in He is the person who I spoke with), putting the preposition before the pronoun makes it more obvious that we need the objective case: 有时重新安排句子或其一部分的语序，会让选择变得更容易。如果我们以介词结束句子（如 He is the person who I spoke with），把介词放在代词之前，就更清楚地表明我们需要宾格：

He is the person with whom I spoke. 他是那个我与之交谈过的人。（He is the person with whom I spoke.）

Suppose we have a question like this: 假设我们有这样一个问题：

Who do you trust? 你信任谁？（Who do you trust?）

Who may sound right because we’re accustomed to putting a nominative-case pronoun at the beginning of a sentence. But try to answer the question using either he or him: Who 听起来可能没错，因为我们习惯于把主格代词放在句首。但试着用 he 或 him 来回答这个问题：

I trust him. 我信任他。（I trust him.）

The answer to the question is him (an objective case pronoun) because it’s the direct object of trust. In the question above, the pronoun is also the direct object, so use whom: 这个问题的答案是 him（一个宾格代词），因为它是 trust（信任）的直接宾语。在上面那个问题中，该代词也是直接宾语，所以要用 whom：

Whom do you trust? 你信任谁？（Whom do you trust?）

Try out the same procedures with these two questions: 用同样的方法试一试下面这两个问题：

Is that the man who danced with her? Do you know the man who she danced with? 那是和她跳舞的那个男人吗？你认识那个她曾与之跳舞的男人吗？

In the first case, it’s possible to revise the relative clause into a sentence using he or him (He danced with her) which indicates that we need the nominative pronoun, who, in the question. 在第一种情况中，可以把关系从句改写成使用 he 或 him 的句子（He danced with her 他与她跳舞），这表明我们在问题中需要主格代词 who。

In the second example, rephrasing the sentence by moving the preposition gives us Do you know the man with who she danced? It’s now obvious that we need whom: 在第二个例子中，通过移动介词来改写句子，得到 Do you know the man with who she danced? 现在很明显我们需要 whom：

Do you know the man whom she danced with? Do you know the man with whom she danced? 你认识那个她曾与之跳舞的男人吗？你认识那个与她跳过舞的男人吗？

In casual conversation, we’ll all misuse who or whom some- times. But in our formal professional writing, this is often a matter we want to get right—or that an editor or co-author wants right. The he/him test can help us work out these things. 在随意的对话中，我们有时都会误用 who 或 whom。但在我们正式的职场写作中，这往往是我们想要用对的一件事——或者编辑或合著者希望用对的一件事。he/him 测试可以帮助我们弄清这些问题。

In contexts in which you aim for a more conversational style, a more informal tone, using who instead of whom can contribute to that effect. 在追求更口语化风格、更非正式语气的语境中，用 who 代替 whom 有助于营造那种效果。

EXERCISES

练习

**11a. **Underline the relative clauses in the following sentences. Double-underline the relative pronouns. Then locate the nouns modified by each relative clause and enclose them in square brackets, as in this example: 11a. 在下面的句子中给关系从句加下划线。给关系代词加双下划线。然后找出每个关系从句所修饰的名词，并用方括号括起来，如下例所示：

We took that bin of recyclables to the [agency] that collects them. 我们把那箱可回收物送到了收集它们的[机构]。

Remember that some uses of that are not relative pronouns. You’ll see an example here. 请记住，that 的某些用法并不是关系代词。你会在下面看到一个例子。

  1. The house that is being renovated was my grandmother’s home.

  2. 正在翻修的那栋房子（that is being renovated）曾是我祖母的家。

  3. Please get the book, which I left in my office.

  4. 请把那本书拿来，which 我落在办公室了。

  5. You can give that letter to the man who is waiting outside.

  6. 你可以把那封信交给外面正在等待的那个男人（who is waiting outside）。

  7. The woman whose car you dented wants to speak to you.

  8. whose 车子被你撞凹了的那个女人想跟你说话。

  9. The man who is waiting already has that letter that you left in your office.

  10. 正在等待的那个男人（who is waiting）已经拿着你落在办公室的那封信了（that you left in your office）。

  11. The customer whom you phoned is waiting in the office.

  12. 你打电话给他的那位顾客（whom you phoned）正在办公室等候。

  13. I know the man to whom they spoke.

  14. 我认识他们与之交谈过的那个男人（to whom they spoke）。

**11b. **Underline the relative clauses in the following sentences. Double-underline the relative adverbs. Locate the nouns modified 11b. 在下面的句子中给关系从句加下划线。给关系副词加双下划线。找出每个关系从句所修饰的名词

by each relative clause and enclose them in square brackets, as in this example: 并用方括号括起来，如下例所示：

Yesterday my father drove by the [house] where he was born. 昨天我父亲开车经过了[他出生的那栋]房子（[house] where he was born）。

  1. The house where he was born is on Fifth Street.

  2. 他出生在的那栋房子（where he was born）在第五街。

  3. In April 1943, when he was born, his parents were living and working in the city.

  4. 1943 年 4 月，他出生在的那段时间（when he was born），他的父母住在城里并在那里工作。

  5. Spring is the season when I am happiest, and home is the place where I am most comfortable.

  6. 春天是我最快乐的季节**（when** I am happiest），而家是我最舒适的地方**（where** I am most comfortable）。

  7. Marceline, where young Walt Disney lived, is a small town in northern Missouri.

  8. 马塞林——年轻的华特·迪士尼生活在那里的小镇（where young Walt Disney lived）——是密苏里州北部的一个小城镇。

  9. In 1911, when his family moved to Kansas City, Disney left Marceline.

  10. 1911 年，他全家迁往堪萨斯城时（when his family moved to Kansas City），迪士尼离开了马塞林。

11c. Rewrite each of the following pairs of sentences as a single sentence with a relative clause. Make the second sentence the rel- ative clause. 11c. 将下面每一对句子改写为一个带有关系从句的单句。把第二个句子作为关系从句。

Here’s a hint: Find a noun phrase that appears in both sentences. Then replace the phrase in the second sentence with a relative pronoun that will begin the relative clause. 提示如下：找出在两个句子中都出现的名词短语。然后用一个将引导关系从句的关系代词替换第二个句子中的该短语。

A reminder: The relative pronouns are *who, whom, whose, * *which, *and that. 提醒：关系代词有 who、whom、whose、which 和 that。

After you’ve revised the sentence, underline the relative clause that you created. 改写完句子后，给你所创建的关系从句加下划线。

Here’s an example: 例如：

The dictionary could be helpful. You brought the dictionary. (Use that.) 这本词典可能有用。你带来了这本词典。（用 that。）

REWRITE: The dictionary that you brought could be helpful. 改写：你带来的那本词典可能有用。（The dictionary that you brought could be helpful.）

  1. That man is my neighbor. That man is standing over there. (Use who or whom.)

  2. 那个人是我的邻居。那个人正站在那边。（用 who 或 whom。）

  3. I like the car. You rented the car today. (Use that.)

  4. 我喜欢那辆车。你今天租了那辆车。（用 that。）

  5. The woman is at the door. You called the woman earlier. (Use who or whom.)

  6. 那个女人在门口。你早些时候给那个女人打过电话。（用 who 或 whom。）

  7. The dog has been found. I lost the dog. (Use that.)

  8. 那只狗已经被找到了。我丢的那只狗。（用 that。）

  9. My mother is watching Casablanca. My mother loves old movies. (Use who or whom.)

  10. 我母亲正在看《卡萨布兰卡》。我母亲喜爱老电影。（用 who 或 whom。）

11d. Rewrite each pair of sentences as one sentence with a relative clause. Make the second sentence the relative clause. Underline the relative clause in each new sentence. 11d. 将每一对句子改写为一个带有关系从句的单句。把第二个句子作为关系从句。在每个新句中给关系从句加下划线。

A hint: Find a noun phrase that appears in both sentences. Then replace the phrase in the second sentence with a relative adverb, either where or when, that will begin the relative clause. You may have to rearrange quite a few words in the new sentence. 提示：找出在两个句子中都出现的名词短语。然后用一个关系副词（where 或 when）替换第二个句子中的该短语，以引导关系从句。你可能需要在新句中重新调整不少词语的顺序。

Here’s an example: 例如：

The house is a century old. He lives in the house. 这栋房子有一个世纪的历史了。他住在这栋房子里。

REWRITE: The house where he lives is a century old. 改写：他住的这栋房子有一个世纪的历史了。（The house where he lives is a century old.）

  1. Gary, Indiana, is a pleasant small city. I was born in Gary, Indiana.

  2. 印第安纳州的加里是一个宜人的小城市。我出生在印第安纳州的加里。

  3. I walked down the street. She lives on the street.

  4. 我沿街走去。她住在那条街上。

  5. Christmas is a wonderful time of year. Christmas is when

my entire family gathers together. 3. 圣诞节是一年中美好的时光。圣诞节是我全家团聚的时刻。

  1. There is the hospital. I was born in the hospital.

  2. 那边是那家医院。我出生在那家医院。

  3. The book is in the living room. Ron is reading in the living room.

  4. 那本书在客厅里。罗恩正在客厅里读书。