哇哦！：感叹词与八大词类

The interjection is a common grammatical category, and a simple one, for any word or group of words that we use to express shock, surprise, pain, joy, admiration, and a wide range of other feelings and responses. 感叹词是一个常见的、也很简单的语法类别，指我们用来表达震惊、惊讶、痛苦、喜悦、赞赏，以及广泛的其它感受和反应任何词或一组词。

INTERJECTIONS

感叹词

Interjections are used by themselves or as part of a sentence: 感叹词可以单独使用，也可以作为句子的一部分：

Good grief! Cool! Oh, no! My. What now? 天哪！酷！哦，不！我的天。现在又怎么了？

Interjections have no distinctive form. They can be single words or longer phrases; they can be joined to sentences by commas or dashes, or they can stand independently, ending with periods, question marks, or exclamation marks: 感叹词没有独特的形式。它们可以是单个词，也可以是较长的短语；它们可以用逗号或破折号与句子连接，也可以独立存在，以句号、问号或感叹号结尾：

What the heck? Well, great. 搞什么鬼？嗯，太好了。

Wow! Oy! 哇！唉呀！

Some interjections serve social purposes: greetings (*Hello, * Goodbye); pauses (Let’s see, Well . . .); politeness (Please, Thanks); or agreement or disagreement (Yes, No, Yeah, Nah, Maybe, Sure! Says you! Yeah, right! Baloney!). 有些感叹词用于社交目的：问候（Hello（你好）、Goodbye（再见））；停顿（Let’s see（让我们看看）、Well（嗯）……）；礼貌（Please（请）、Thanks（谢谢））；或者同意或不同意（Yes（是）、No（不）、Yeah（对）、Nah（不）、Maybe（也许）、Sure!（当然！）Says you!（你才这么说！）Yeah, right!（是啊，没错！）Baloney!（胡说！））。

Some interjections are the kinds of words you use when you drop a hammer on your foot—the words your mother told you to stop using. (You know the words we mean.) 有些感叹词是你在锤子砸到脚时会用的那种词——也就是你母亲叫你别再说的那些词。（你知道我们指的是哪些词。）

Other interjections are not even actual words, but merely sounds that have become conventional ways to express things: Ouch! Yikes! Sheesh! Oof! Oops! Hubba-hubba! *Whoopee! *and, in the upper Midwestern states, *Uff-da! *They are generally easy to recognize. 其他的感叹词甚至不是真正的词，而仅仅是已经成为表达事物的约定俗成方式的声音：Ouch!（哎哟！）Yikes!（呀！）Sheesh!（啧！）Oof!（噢夫！）Oops!（哎呀！）Hubba-hubba!（哇噻！）Whoopee!（嗬！），还有在上中西部各州，Uff-da!（哎呀呀！）。它们通常很容易辨认。

The most important thing to know about interjections is that, although they are useful for self-expression and social interaction, they play no grammatical role in the sentence. In analyzing the grammar of a sentence, you can disregard the interjections. 关于感叹词，最重要的一点是：尽管它们对自我表达和社交互动很有用，但它在句子中不起任何语法作用。在分析一个句子的语法时，你可以忽略感叹词。

Some grammar books classify some of these words as adverbs, though they clearly do not modify verbs, adjectives, or other ad- verbs. (Some could arguably be sentence modifiers, which we’ll examine in Chapter 20.) For our purposes, calling them interjec- tions is sufficient. 有些语法书把其中一些词归类为副词，尽管它们显然不修饰动词、形容词或其他副词。（其中一些或许可以被看作句子修饰语，我们将在第 20 章考察。）就我们的目的而言，把它们称为感叹词就足够了。

THE EIGHT PARTS OF SPEECH

八大词类

The eight parts of speech belong to that body of general knowledge all educated people are supposed to possess—like the three branches of government, the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, the five Marx Brothers, the six basic nutrients, the Seven Deadly Sins, and all nine of the eight planets. 八大词类属于所有受过教育的人理应掌握的那类常识——就像政府的三权分立、天启四骑士、马克思五兄弟、六种基本营养素、七宗罪，以及八大行星里全部九颗行星那样。

In other words, they’re an essential idea in the study of language. The eight** ** parts of speech are eight categories used 换言之，它们是语言研究中一个不可或缺的概念。八大词类是用于

in conventional grammar study to account for all the words in English. Every word in English can be placed into one of these categories—or at least one—and we’ve now learned a good deal about all the categories. 在传统语法研究中用来解释英语中所有词的八个类别。英语中的每一个词都可以归入这些类别之一——或至少之一——而我们现在已经对所有这些类别有了相当多的了解。

Three of the parts of speech are nouns or words associated with nouns: 八大词类中有三类是名词或与名词相关的词：

Nouns: Words that stand for persons, places, things, or ideas. Pronouns: Words that take the place of nouns. Adjectives: Words that modify nouns or pronouns. 名词： 表示人、地点、事物或观念的词。代词： 取代名词位置的词。形容词： 修饰名词或代词的词。

Two of the parts of speech are verbs and adverbs: 八大词类中有两类是动词和副词：

Verbs: Words that indicate an action or a state of being. Adverbs: Words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. 动词： 表示动作或存在状态的词。副词： 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词的词。

Two of the parts of speech are connecting words: 八大词类中有两类是连接词：

Conjunctions: Words that connect phrases and clauses to other phrases or clauses; they indicate some grammatical relationship between the connected units. Prepositions: Words that connect a noun or pronoun (the object of the preposition) with other words in the sentence to create adjectival or adverbial phrases. 连词： 把短语和从句与其他短语或从句连接起来的词；它们表示被连接单位之间的某种语法关系。介词： 把名词或代词（介词的宾语）与句子中的其他词连接起来，从而构成形容词性短语或副词性短语的词。

And the eighth part of speech are the interjections, which we’ve just met. Interjections, again, are exclamatory words and phrases used to express feelings and reactions. 而第八大词类就是感叹词，我们刚刚才认识它。重申一下，感叹词是用来表达感受和反应的感叹性词语。

An important part of analyzing the grammar of any sentence is to place each word into one of the eight parts. That’s not always easy. To be honest, a few words just don’t fit well into any of these eight categories. The expletive there is one. 分析任何句子语法的一个重要环节，就是把每个词归入八大词类之一。这并不总是容易的。老实说，有少数词就是不能很好地归入这八类中的任何一类。引导词 there 就是其中之一。

A FORM AND ITS FUNCTIONS

形式与其功能

In analyzing the grammar of a sentence, it’s helpful to distin- guish between a form and its functions: 在分析一个句子的语法时，区分形式与其功能是有帮助的：

The form can be any word, like a noun or a verb. It can also be a larger unit constructed upon a part of speech, like a verb phrase or a prepositional phrase. 形式可以是任何一个词，比如名词或动词。它也可以是一个建立在某一词类之上的更大的单位，比如动词短语或介词短语。

The function is the grammatical role the form plays in a particular sentence. A noun can function as a subject or direct object. Or, as we’ve seen, nouns can have other functions: They can be indirect objects, predicate nominatives, objects of a preposition, or other functions. Similarly, prepositional phrases can be adjectival or adverbial. 功能是形式在某个具体句子中所起的语法作用。名词可以充当主语或直接宾语。或者，正如我们已看到的，名词还可以有其它功能：它们可以是间接宾语、主语补语（表语性名词）、介词的宾语，或其它功能。同样地，介词短语可以是形容词性的，也可以是副词性的。

A number of forms (nouns, verbs, modifiers) assembled to- gether can build larger phrases and clauses that have their own functions. A relative clause is a form that has an adjectival func- tion in a sentence; a subordinate clause has an adverbial function. 若干个形式（名词、动词、修饰语）组合在一起，可以构建出具有自身功能的更大的短语和从句。关系从句是一种在句子中具有形容词性功能的 form（形式）；从属从句具有副词性功能。

The function of any form is defined by the way it is used in a particular sentence, that is, by its context. You can’t look at a single word in isolation and define its function. There are exceptions: It’s usually safe to say that the is an article, used adjectivally. But in the sentence that you just read, the was used as a noun, as the subject of a clause: “The is an article.” 任何形式的功能都是由它在某个具体句子中的使用方式、即由它的语境所定义的。你不能孤立地看一个词就界定它的功能。也有例外：通常可以稳妥地说 the 是一个冠词，用作形容词。但在你刚才读到的那句话里，the 被用作名词，作为从句的主语：“The 是一个冠词。”

Consider this word: bill. Is it a noun or a verb? To answer, we need context: 考虑这个词：bill。它是名词还是动词？要回答，我们需要语境：

I will bring your monthly bills. He will bill me every month. 我会把你每月的账单带来。他每个月都会给我寄账单（结账）。

In the first sentence, bill is a noun, and it functions as a direct object. In the second sentence, bill is a transitive verb; it functions as the main verb of the sentence. 在第一句中，bill 是名词，它充当直接宾语。在第二句中，bill 是及物动词；它充当句子的谓语动词。

Or consider these sentences: 或者考虑这些句子：

I am rising early tomorrow morning. I like rising early. I like to watch the rising sun. 我明天早上要早起。我喜欢早起。我喜欢看冉冉升起的太阳。

In the first sentence, rising has the form of a verb (because of its –ing suffix), and it also has the function of a verb, as part of a progressive tense verb,* am rising*. 在第一句中，rising 具有动词的形式（因为它的 –ing 后缀），并且也具有动词的功能，作为进行时态动词 am rising 的一部分。

In the second sentence, rising again has the form a verb, the present participle of rise, but it has the function of a noun, the direct object of the transitive verb like. (What does the speaker like? He likes rising early.) 在第二句中，rising 再次具有动词的形式，即 rise 的现在分词，但它具有名词的功能，是及物动词 like 的直接宾语。（说话者喜欢什么？他喜欢早起。）

In the third sentence, rising still has the form of a verb, but it has the function of an adjective, modifying sun. (We’ll soon learn more about using verbs nominally and adjectivally.) 在第三句中，rising 仍然具有动词的形式，但它具有形容词的功能，修饰 sun。（我们很快会学到更多关于把动词当作名词和形容词使用的内容。）

There are other challenges in classification: For instance, how do we classify particles? You’ll recall that a particle, as we have used the term, is the first element in an infinitive verb (as in to look * or to do*: I need time to look at my list of things to do) or the second element in a phrasal verb (look up a word). We simply consider these particles as parts of their verbs; they are not regarded as separate words. 分类上还有其他的难题：例如，我们如何对小品词进行分类？你会记得，小品词就我们使用该术语而言，是不定式动词的第一个成分（如 to look 或 to do：I need time to look at my list of things to do（我需要时间看看我要做的事的清单）），或者是短语动词的第二个成分（look up a word（查一个词））。我们干脆把这些小品词视为它们动词的一部分；它们不被当作独立的词。

And the expletive there, since it doesn’t participate in the grammatical structure of a sentence, doesn’t fit neatly into any grammatical category. 而引导词 there，由于它不参与句子的语法结构，因此不能整齐地归入任何语法类别。

Although we have not discussed the distinction between form* * and function* before, we’ve used the distinction here and there in this book. Early on, we said that nouns could be used adverbially, and that some adverbs could be used nominally. Form and function are important ideas in grammar. 尽管我们此前没有专门讨论过形式与功能*的区别，但我们在本书中已处处用到这一区分。早先我们说过，名词可以用作副词，而有些副词可以用作名词。形式与功能是语法中的重要概念。

We’ll see that this matter of form and function becomes particularly important as we move on to chapters about verbals. 我们将会看到，随着我们进入关于动词性词语（verbals）的章节，形式与功能的问题变得尤为重要。

EXERCISES

练习

16a. Write from memory the Eight Parts of Speech. Then define them and check your work by referring to the early pages of this chapter. 16a. 凭记忆写出八大词类。然后给它们下定义，并参照本章前面几页来核对你的答案。

16b. In the following sentences, use context to identify both the form and function of the underlined words. 16b. 在下面的句子中，利用语境指出划线词的形式和功能。

  1. In the increasingly chaotic country, university students are
  2. 在这个日益混乱的国家里，大学生们正在

revolting. 造反。

  1. Defend them if you like, but I’m tired of these revolting
  2. 如果你愿意就为他们辩护吧，但我已经受够了这些令人

students. 厌恶的学生。

  1. We were jogging around the block.

  2. 我们当时正在街区周围慢跑。

  3. All of us enjoy jogging.

  4. 我们所有人都喜欢慢跑。

  5. He will replace the shattered lamp.

  6. 他将更换那盏破碎的灯。

  7. He shattered it accidentally.

  8. 他不小心把它打碎了。

  9. This rose bud is for you.

  10. 这朵玫瑰花蕾是给你的。

  11. I gave you a rose bud, for I care about you.

  12. 我给了你一朵玫瑰花蕾，因为我关心你。

  13. I wanted to get you more, but I couldn’t afford it.

  14. 我想给你弄更多，但我买不起。

  15. I bought you nothing but this rose bud.

  16. 我除了这朵玫瑰花蕾，什么也没给你买。