那些“动词化”的动词形式：动名词与分词

A verbal is a verb that doesn’t mind its own business. It is a verb in form with a different function—it’s a verb behaving like another part of speech. (The nerve of some verbs.) A verbal can function as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. 一个**动词性形式（verbal）**是一种不安分守己的动词。它在形式上是动词，却发挥着不同的功能——它像其他词性一样行事。（某些动词真是放肆。）动词性形式可以充当名词、形容词或副词。

While verbals are used as other parts of speech, they retain some of the important qualities of verbs. For example, they can take direct objects and indirect objects and other complements, and they can be modified by adverbs. Because they’re versatile, verbals are enormously useful to writers who understand the power of verbs and want to work as much action into their sentences as possible. 虽然动词性形式被用作其他词性，但它们保留了动词的一些重要特征。例如，它们可以带直接宾语、间接宾语和其他补语，并且可以被副词修饰。因为它们用途广泛，对于那些懂得动词的力量、并希望在句中尽可能多地注入动作的作者来说，动词性形式极为有用。

There are only three kinds of verbals, and in this chapter we’ll discuss the two simplest kinds: gerunds and participles. The infinitives will come next. 动词性形式只有三种，本章我们将讨论其中最简单的两种：动名词（gerunds）和分词（participles）。**不定式（infinitives）**将在下一章讨论。

GERUNDS: VERBS AS NOUNS

动名词：充当名词的动词

A gerund appears only in the present participle form (the –ing form) and it’s always used as a noun: 一个动名词只以现在分词形式（即 –ing 形式）出现，并且总是用作名词：

I enjoy baking. And I enjoy hiking. （我喜欢烘焙。我也喜欢徒步。）

And I also enjoy reading. Once, I tried reading and hiking at the same time, and it did not go well. （我也喜欢阅读。有一次，我试着一边阅读一边徒步，结果并不顺利。）

In all the sentences above, the gerund phrase (underlined) functions as a direct object. Some gerunds, created from transitive verbs, can also take their own direct objects. 在上面所有句子中，动名词短语（下划线部分）都充当直接宾语。有些由及物动词构成的动名词也可以带自己的直接宾语。

In both of the following sentences, the underlined portion includes the gerund, which is the direct object of the sentences, and another noun phrase, which is the direct object of the verbal: 在下列两个句子中，下划线部分既包含作为句子直接宾语的动名词，也包含另一个名词短语，即该动词性形式的直接宾语：

I enjoy baking cakes. I enjoy reading books. （我喜欢烤蛋糕。我喜欢读书。）

Gerunds can also take indirect objects: 动名词也可以带间接宾语：

I enjoy baking my friends cakes. I enjoy reading my son books. （我喜欢给朋友们烤蛋糕。我喜欢给儿子读书。）

Notice that these last examples are each, in a way, a combination of two clauses. The second example could be said to contain these two ideas: 注意，最后这几个例子在某种意义上都是两个从句的组合。第二个例子可以说包含这样两个意思：

I enjoy reading. I read my child books. （我喜欢阅读。我给我的孩子读书。）

We reduced the second sentence above (I read my child books) into a gerund phrase: I enjoy reading my child books. 我们把上面的第二个句子（I read my child books）简化成了一个动名词短语：I enjoy reading my child books.

That’s why gerund phrases (and verbal phrases of all kinds) are sometimes called reduced clauses. They are not true clauses, but the information that they contain could be the basis of a clause. 这就是为什么动名词短语（以及各类动词性短语）有时被称为简化从句。它们并不是真正的从句，但其中包含的信息可以成为从句的基础。

We can also make gerunds out of transitive verbs with object complements: 我们还可以用带宾语补足语的及物动词构成动名词：

We regret making Albert angry. （我们后悔把艾伯特惹生气了。）

In this sentence, the entire gerund phrase, making Albert angry, is the direct object of regret. Within the phrase, Albert is the direct object of making, and angry is the object complement describing Albert. 在这个句子中，整个动名词短语 making Albert angry 是 regret 的直接宾语。在该短语内部，Albert 是 making 的直接宾语，而 angry 是描述 Albert 的宾语补足语。

Gerunds created from linking verbs can be used with predicate nouns and predicate adjectives. In the next two sentences, the verbal phrase is a direct object of the transitive verb enjoys: 由系动词构成的动名词可以与谓语名词和谓语形容词连用。在下面两句中，该动词性短语是及物动词 enjoys 的直接宾语：

Stanley enjoys being a** comedian**. Oliver enjoys being funny. （斯坦利喜欢当喜剧演员。奥利弗喜欢表现得滑稽。）

In both these sentences, the gerund being is created from a linking verb. In the first sentence, comedian is a predicate nominative; in the second, funny is a predicate adjective. 在这两句中，动名词 being 都是由系动词构成的。第一句中，comedian 是谓语名词（表语）；第二句中，funny 是谓语形容词（表语）。

Gerunds can be subjects: 动名词可以作主语：

Singing is his favorite pastime. Becoming a musician is his goal. (The phrase a musician is the predicate nominative of becoming.) （唱歌是他最喜欢的消遣。成为音乐家是他的目标。（短语 a musician 是 becoming 的谓语名词。））

Below, singing has a direct object: 下面这句里，singing 带有直接宾语：

Singing hymns is his favorite pastime. （唱赞美诗是他最喜欢的消遣。）

And here, gerund phrases are appositives: 而在这里，动名词短语作同位语：

His pastime, singing hymns, has made him many friends. （他的消遣，唱赞美诗，为他赢得了许多朋友。）

His other pastime, telling naughty stories, has lost him a few friends. （他的另一项消遣，讲顽皮的故事，让他失去了一些朋友。）

A gerund phrase can also be the object of a preposition: 动名词短语还可以作介词的宾语：

He always has time for singing hymns. He has talked about becoming a musician （他总是有时间唱赞美诗。他谈起过要成为音乐家）

PARTICIPLES: VERBS AS ADJECTIVES

分词：充当形容词的动词

Now we need to remember two forms of verbs: The present participles of verbs (the –ing forms) and the past participles of verbs (the forms used with have, as in have known or had seen). 现在我们需要记住动词的两种形式：现在分词（–ing 形式）和过去分词（与 have 连用的形式，如 have known 或 had seen）。

These forms are used to create adjectival phrases that precede the noun. In some sentence structures, with the right punctuation, they can also follow the noun: 这些形式用来构成前置于名词的形容词性短语。在某些句子结构中，加上合适的标点，它们也可以跟在名词之后：

The soaring airplane roared overhead. The airplane, soaring, roared overhead. （那架翱翔的飞机在头顶轰鸣。那架飞机，翱翔着，在头顶轰鸣。）

Walking quickly to the door, the detective threw it open. The detective, walking quickly to the door, threw it open. （侦探快步走向门口，猛地推开了门。侦探，快步走向门口，猛地推开了门。）

We watched the snow falling softly. We watched the softly falling snow. （我们看着雪轻轻飘落。我们看着轻轻飘落的雪。）

Shaken from his fall, the old man sat for a moment. The old man, shaken from his fall, sat for a moment. （老人从跌倒中缓过神来，坐了一会儿。老人，从跌倒中缓过神来，坐了一会儿。）

Heard across the street, the scream disturbed the neighbors. The scream, heard across the street, disturbed the neighbors. （那声尖叫隔着街道都能听见，惊扰了邻居们。那声尖叫，隔着街道都能听见，惊扰了邻居们。）

As these examples illustrate, the participle can be accompanied by adverbs. And the participle phrase should usually be close to the noun it modifies. 如这些例子所示，分词可以带有副词。而且分词短语通常应紧靠它所修饰的名词。

Participles created from transitive verbs can have their own direct objects: 由及物动词构成的分词可以带有自己的直接宾语：

Shoveling snow, Mr. Lochenhocher grew tired. （洛亨霍克先生铲着雪，渐渐累了。）

Reading the poem aloud, Mrs. Mays grew emotional. Taking his time, Bill is recovering from the accident. （梅斯太太大声朗读这首诗，动了感情。比尔不慌不忙地慢慢来，正从事故中恢复。）

Participles can also have indirect objects as well as direct objects: 分词也可以同时带有间接宾语和直接宾语：

Reading my daughter a book, I grew sleepy. Giving my friend the news, I chose my words carefully. （给女儿读着书，我渐渐困了。把消息告诉朋友时，我字斟句酌。）

Participles can also have direct objects and object complements: 分词也可以带直接宾语和宾语补足语：

The committee, electing Mrs. Klomstok chairwoman, enraged Mr. Lochenhocher. （委员会选举克洛姆斯托克夫人为主席，这激怒了洛亨霍克先生。）

Participles created from linking verbs can have predicate nominatives or predicate adjectives: 由系动词构成的分词可以带有谓语名词或谓语形容词：

Mr. Dusenberg, being a wise man, refused to argue. （杜森伯格先生，作为一个明智的人，拒绝争论。）

Becoming angry, Mr. Lochenhocher yelled across the street at Ruthie. （洛亨霍克先生变得愤怒，隔着街道对露西大喊。）

Remaining calm, Ruthie continued practicing the bagpipes. （露西保持冷静，继续练习风笛。）

(Notice that practicing the bagpipes is a gerund phrase.) （注意，practicing the bagpipes 是一个动名词短语。）

POINTS FOR WRITERS

写给作者的要点

1. Dangling Participles

1. 悬垂分词

As you’ve just seen, we usually put participles close to the nouns they modify, either before or after. Avoid the infamous dangling participle, a carelessly used participial phrase that doesn’t apply logically to a nearby noun. The result is often nonsense: 正如你刚才所见，我们通常把分词放在它所修饰的名词附近，或前或后。要避免臭名昭著的悬垂分词——一种粗心使用的分词短语，它在逻辑上并不修饰附近的任何名词。其结果往往荒谬不堪：

Rowing across the river, the boat struck the ice. Dancing to the jazz, the orchestra played its closing number. Falling softly, we watched the snow. Drinking noisily, Grandmother watched the thirsty dog. （船划过河流，撞上了冰。（逻辑不通）随着爵士乐起舞，管弦乐队奏起了闭幕曲。（逻辑不通）雪轻轻飘落，我们看着。（逻辑不通）祖母喧闹地喝着，看着那只口渴的狗。（逻辑不通））

Please don’t do this. Please? 请别这样写。拜托了？

EXERCISES

练习

Because students often find verbals difficult, we’ve provided many different kinds of exercises in this chapter and the next to help you learn these concepts. (Don’t thank us; just send money.) 因为学生常常觉得动词性形式很难，我们在本章和下一章提供了许多不同类型的练习，帮助你掌握这些概念。（不必谢我们，打钱就好。）

17a. Identify the functions (subjects, direct objects, and others) of the underlined gerunds in these sentences: 17a. 指出下列句子中下划线动名词的功能（主语、直接宾语等）：

  1. Farming is his business.
  2. 务农是他的生意。
  3. His business is farming.
  4. 他的生意就是务农。
  5. He likes farming.
  6. 他喜欢务农。
  7. He likes raising corn and soy beans.
  8. 他喜欢种玉米和大豆。
  9. He will stay with farming.
  10. 他会继续务农。
  11. His profession, raising corn and soy beans, is a difficult one.
  12. 他的职业，种玉米和大豆，是一项艰苦的行当。

17b. Now locate the gerunds in the following sentences and identify their functions: 17b. 现在找出下列句子中的动名词，并指出它们的功能：

  1. His hobby is biking.

  2. 他的爱好是骑自行车。

  3. Biking is his hobby.

  4. 骑自行车是他的爱好。

  5. He is interested in biking.

  6. 他对骑自行车感兴趣。

  7. His hobby, biking, is a popular one.

  8. 他的爱好，骑自行车，是一项受欢迎的活动。

  9. Biking ten miles a day is a challenge.

  10. 一天骑十英里是一项挑战。

  11. His goal is biking ten miles a day.

  12. 他的目标是每天骑十英里。

  13. He makes time for biking ten miles a day.

  14. 他腾出时间每天骑十英里。

  15. She likes being a police woman.

  16. 她喜欢当一名女警察。

  17. Being a patrol officer is her ideal job.

  18. 当一名巡警是她理想的工作。

Review

复习

Before we go to the next exercises, let’s have a quick review. Gerunds, as we’ve seen, are present participles used as nouns for many nominal functions: 在进入下一组练习之前，我们先快速复习一下。如我们所见，动名词是现在分词，被用作名词，承担多种名词性功能：

Running is his hobby. (A gerund functioning as a subject) （跑步是他的爱好。（动名词作主语））

He likes running laps. (A gerund phrase as a direct object) （他喜欢绕圈跑。（动名词短语作直接宾语））

Her hobby is playing the tuba. (A gerund phrase as a predicate nominative) （她的爱好是吹大号。（动名词短语作谓语名词/表语））

We also use present participles to create progressive tense verbs, using the verb to be as auxiliaries: 我们也用现在分词构成进行时态动词，使用动词 to be 作助动词：

He is playing the tuba. （他正在吹大号。）

She was always playing the tuba. I have been playing the tuba. （她总是在吹大号。我一直在吹大号。）

So gerunds can be distinguished from progressive tense verbs in at least two ways: 因此，动名词与进行时态动词至少可以从两方面区分：

  1. Gerunds always function as nouns, in a nominal position in the sentence.
  2. 动名词总是充当名词，处于句中的名词性位置。
  3. Progressive tense verbs always have an auxiliary, which is some form of the verb to be.
  4. 进行时态动词总是带有助动词，即动词 to be 的某种形式。

Back to the exercises: 回到练习：

17c. Using the guidelines above, classify the gerunds and progressive verbs in the underlined portions of these sentences: 17c. 运用上述准则，将下列句子下划线部分中的动名词和进行时态动词分类：

  1. Breathing very cold air can be painful.
  2. 呼吸极冷的空气会令人疼痛。
  3. I love baking cookies.
  4. 我喜欢烤饼干。
  5. He found much joy in singing.
  6. 他在唱歌中找到了许多快乐。
  7. He was singing all the time.
  8. 他一直在唱歌。
  9. You learn a lot from reading books.
  10. 你从读书中学到很多。
  11. When you are driving, time passes quickly.
  12. 当你开车时，时间过得很快。

17d. Do the same thing in the following sentences, in which the gerunds and progressive tense verbs are not marked for you: 17d. 对下列句子做同样的判断，其中动名词和进行时态动词没有为你标出：

  1. He made a career of programming computers.

  2. 他把编写计算机程序当成了一份职业。

  3. I was programming computers.

  4. 我当时在编写计算机程序。

  5. Programming is my job.

  6. 编写程序是我的工作。

  7. I love juggling.

  8. 我喜欢玩杂耍。

  9. I am juggling all the time.

  10. 我一直在玩杂耍。

  11. Juggling is what I love to do.

  12. 玩杂耍是我喜欢做的事。

  13. Once my hobby was juggling.

  14. 曾经，我的爱好是玩杂耍。

Review

复习

Here’s another short review concerning verbs and participles: 这里是另一段关于动词和分词的简短复习：

You will recall that the progressive tense verbs, which use present participles to build verb phrases, use the verb to be as auxiliaries: 你会记得，进行时态动词用现在分词构成动词短语，并以动词 to be 作助动词：

He is driving. She was always playing golf. I will be knitting a sweater. （他在开车。她总是在打高尔夫球。我将会在织毛衣。）

We also use past participles or present participles to create adjectival phrases that usually appear just before or after the nouns they modify: 我们也用过去分词或现在分词构成形容词性短语，通常出现在它们所修饰名词的前面或后面：

Sleeping for hours, John recovered from his cold. The dog, barking madly, wouldn’t be quiet. Driven to exhaustion, Bob had to rest. （睡了几个小时，约翰从感冒中恢复了。那只狗，疯狂地叫着，不肯安静。被逼到筋疲力尽，鲍勃不得不休息。）

They can also appear after linking verbs: 它们也可以出现在系动词之后：

He seemed disappointed by the news. He became interested in the new book. （他似乎对那消息感到失望。他对那本新书产生了兴趣。）

So we can distinguish participles from progressive tense verbs or perfect tense verbs in at least two ways: 因此，我们至少可以从两方面把分词与进行时态动词或完成时态动词区分开来：

  1. Participles always function as adjectives and usually appear before or after a noun phrase, or after a linking verb.
  2. 分词总是充当形容词，通常出现在名词短语之前或之后，或系动词之后。
  3. Progressive tense verbs always have some form of be as an auxiliary; perfect tense verbs always have some form of have as an auxiliary.
  4. 进行时态动词总是以 be 的某种形式作助动词；完成时态动词总是以 have 的某种形式作助动词。

Back to the exercises: 回到练习：

17e. Using the guidelines above, classify the underlined portions of these sentences as participles, as perfect tense verbs, or as progressive tense verbs. 17e. 运用上述准则，将下列句子下划线部分归类为分词、完成时态动词，或进行时态动词。

  1. Bob was sleeping for hours.
  2. 鲍勃睡了几个小时。
  3. Bob, driven to exhaustion, had to rest.
  4. 鲍勃被逼到筋疲力尽，不得不休息。
  5. Martha has driven Bob to work all week.
  6. 玛莎整个星期都开车送鲍勃上班。
  7. Swimming laps, Bob begins his day briskly.
  8. 游了几圈泳，鲍勃神清气爽地开始了一天。
  9. Bob, biking for miles, was exhausted.
  10. 鲍勃骑了数英里车，筋疲力尽。
  11. Exhausted, Bob nevertheless became intrigued.
  12. 虽然筋疲力尽，鲍勃却产生了兴趣。
  13. Driving to work, Martha saw a red fox.
  14. 开车上班途中，玛莎看见一只红狐。

17f. Do the same thing in the following sentences, in which the participles and verbs are not marked for you: 17f. 对下列句子做同样的判断，其中分词和动词没有为你标出：

  1. Snoring loudly, Susan slept through her history class.
  2. 苏珊大声打着鼾，睡过了整节历史课。
  3. Susan was snoring loudly in Calculus.
  4. 苏珊在微积分课上大声打着鼾。
  5. Driven mad by the noise, Claude threw everything in sight.
  6. 被噪音逼得发疯，克劳德把眼前的一切都扔了出去。
  7. Claude had not slept for two days.
  8. 克劳德已经两天没睡了。
  9. Claude appeared worn and worried.
  10. 克劳德显得疲惫而忧虑。
  11. Playing the sax, Al woke up the neighbors.
  12. 吹着萨克斯，阿尔吵醒了邻居们。
  13. Written for Susan, the instructions ordered her to drop her history class.
  14. 这些指示是为苏珊写的，命令她退掉历史课。

17g. Using the guidelines discussed in this chapter, classify the underlined portions of the following sentences as gerunds, as participles, as perfect tense verbs, or as progressive tense verbs. 17g. 运用本章讨论的准则，将下列句子下划线部分归类为动名词、分词、完成时态动词，或进行时态动词。

  1. His hobby is reading Shakespeare.

  2. 他的爱好是读莎士比亚。

  3. He is always reading Shakespeare.

  4. 他总是在读莎士比亚。

  5. Reading Shakespeare aloud, he entranced the audience.

  6. 大声朗读莎士比亚，他让听众听得入迷。

  7. Alicia, reading Shakespeare, ignored the speaker.

  8. 阿莉西亚读着莎士比亚，对演讲者置若罔闻。

  9. Driving at night can be dangerous.

  10. 夜间开车可能很危险。

  11. I don’t like driving at night.

  12. 我不喜欢夜间开车。

  13. Driving late at night, Ed was exhausted.

  14. 深夜开车，埃德筋疲力尽。

  15. Exhausted, Ed drove on.

  16. 筋疲力尽，埃德继续开车。

  17. Ed was driving three nights a week.

  18. 埃德一周有三个晚上在开车。

  19. He has exhausted himself with the driving.

  20. 他因开车把自己累垮了。

17h. In these sentences, the gerunds, participles, and verbs are not marked for you. Locate and classify the gerunds, participles, perfect tense verbs, and progressive tense verbs: 17h. 下列句子中没有为你标出动名词、分词和动词。找出并将它们归类为动名词、分词、完成时态动词，或进行时态动词：

  1. Seen through the window, the room was a mess.
  2. 从窗外看，房间一片狼藉。
  3. We have seen the traffic through the window.
  4. 我们通过窗户看到了交通状况。
  5. My hobby is playing the tuba.
  6. 我的爱好是吹大号。
  7. Bob is playing the tuba.
  8. 鲍勃正在吹大号。
  9. Playing the tuba, Bob disturbed the library patrons.
  10. 吹着大号，鲍勃打扰了图书馆的读者。
  11. Feeling sick, Gloria went home.
  12. 格洛丽亚感到不舒服，回家了。
  13. Gloria was feeling sick.
  14. 格洛丽亚当时感到不舒服。
  15. Her remarks were about reading Poe.
  16. 她的言论是关于读爱伦·坡的。
  17. Sailing on the lake is Cal’s hobby.
  18. 在湖上航行是卡尔的爱好。
  19. I like sailing on the lake.
  20. 我喜欢在湖上航行。
  21. I am sailing again this summer.
  22. 今年夏天我又要去航行了。