答案详解：第一章
**1a. **The simple subject is the part of the sentence that names, without modifiers, who or what the sentence is about. The **simple ** predicate is the part that says something about the subject. It also contains no modifiers or complements. 1a. 简单主语是句子中对句子所谈论的人或事物进行指称、不带任何修饰语的部分。简单谓语是对主语进行陈述的部分。它也不含修饰语或补语。
1b. Simple subject Simple predicate 1. Rain falls 2. Edward knocked 3. family ate 4. pancakes seemed 5. Rudolpho rode 1b. 简单主语 简单谓语 1. 雨落下 2. 爱德华敲了敲 3. 一家人吃了 4. 煎饼似乎…… 5. 鲁道夫骑（着）
1c. Simple subject Simple predicate 1. Wendell behaved 2. family ate 3. sentences ran 4. calla lilies were 5. Rudolpho was waiting 1c. 简单主语 简单谓语 1. 温德尔举止得体 2. 一家人吃了 3. 句子跑（倒着写） 4. 美人蕉在（盛开） 5. 鲁道夫在等待
Complete subject Complete predicate
完整主语 完整谓语
Wendell behaved politely 1. 温德尔 举止礼貌
that nice family Tonight; ate on the porch again 2. 那好的一家人 今晚；又在外廊吃了饭
sentences Backwards ran 3. 句子 倒着跑
the calla lilies In the spring; were in bloom again 4. 美人蕉 春天里；再次盛开
- Rudolpho This morning; was waiting on the porch for breakfast
- 鲁道夫 今天早上；在外廊等着吃早饭
CHAPTER 2
第二章
**2a. **In the sentences below, underline the complete predicates. Then enclose the simple subjects and simple predicates in brackets: 2a. 在下面的句子中，在完整谓语下划线。然后将简单主语和简单谓语用方括号标出：
The [family] [was having] coffee.
The [family] [was having] coffee.（这家人正在喝咖啡。）
The [family] [was] content.
The [family] [was] content.（这家人很满足。）
Without warning, [John] [entered] the room.
Without warning, [John] [entered] the room.（毫无预兆，约翰走进了房间。）
[John] [made] an announcement.
[John] [made] an announcement.（约翰发布了一项声明。）
The [vases] [are] gone.
The [vases] [are] gone.（那些花瓶不见了。）
The [family] [became] furious.
The [family] [became] furious.（这家人勃然大怒。）
[Mr. Morton] [had struck] again.
[Mr. Morton] [had struck] again.（莫顿先生又下手了。）
[Mr. Morton] [had] some nerve.
[Mr. Morton] [had] some nerve.（莫顿先生脸皮真厚。）
Someday that [man] [will regret] his actions.
Someday that [man] [will regret] his actions.（总有一天那个人会为自己的行为后悔。）
Mr. Morton’s [reputation] [has been damaged] by these allegations.
Mr. Morton’s [reputation] [has been damaged] by these allegations.（莫顿先生的声誉已被这些指控损害。）
Everywhere [people] [are hiding] their vases.
Everywhere [people] [are hiding] their vases.（到处都有人在藏他们的花瓶。）
[Mr. Morton] [seems] a little strange.
[Mr. Morton] [seems] a little strange.（莫顿先生看起来有点古怪。）
**2b. **Now, in the sentences that you just examined, identify action verbs (with A) and linking verbs (with L): 2b. 现在，在你刚才分析过的句子中，标出动作动词（用 A）和连系动词（用 L）：
A
A（动作动词）
L
L（连系动词）
A
A（动作动词）
A
A（动作动词）
L
L（连系动词）
L
L（连系动词）
A
A（动作动词）
A
A（动作动词）
A
A（动作动词）
A
A（动作动词）
A
A（动作动词）
L
L（连系动词）
2c. Finally, identify the auxiliary verbs and the main verb in each sentence you’ve examined. The main verbs are underlined. 2c. 最后，标出你分析过的每个句子中的助动词和主动词。主动词以下划线标出。
was having
was having（过去进行时；was 为助动词，having 为主动词）
was
was（系动词，此处为简单谓语）
entered
entered（主动词，无助动词）
made
made（主动词，无足动词）
are
are（系动词）
became
became（连系动词）
had struck
had struck（过去完成时；had 为助动词，struck 为主动词）
had
had（此处作主动词，意为“有”）
will regret
will regret（一般将来时；will 为助动词，regret 为主动词）
has been damaged
has been damaged（现在完成时被动态；has been 为助动词，damaged 为主动词）
are hiding
are hiding（现在进行时；are 为助动词，hiding 为主动词）
seems
seems（连系动词，无足动词）
CHAPTER 3
第三章
**3a. **Write from memory the simple and perfect tenses of the verb call. 3a. 凭记忆写出动词 call 的简单时态和完成时态。
Today I call. Yesterday I called. Tomorrow I will call. Today I call. Yesterday I called. Tomorrow I will call.（今天我叫。昨天我叫了。明天我会叫。）
SIMPLE PRESENT: SIMPLE PRESENT:（一般现在时：）
SIMPLE PAST: SIMPLE PAST:（一般过去时：）
SIMPLE FUTURE: SIMPLE FUTURE:（一般将来时：）
Today I have called. As of yesterday, I had called. By this time tomorrow, I will have called. Today I have called. As of yesterday, I had called. By this time tomorrow, I will have called.（今天我已经叫了。截至昨天，我已经叫过了。到明天这个时候，我将已经叫过了。）
PRESENT PERFECT: PRESENT PERFECT:（现在完成时：）
PAST PERFECT: PAST PERFECT:（过去完成时：）
FUTURE PERFECT: FUTURE PERFECT:（将来完成时：）
3b. Write from memory the simple progressive and perfect progressive tenses of the verb call. 3b. 凭记忆写出动词 call 的简单进行时态和完成进行时态。
Today I am calling. Yesterday I was calling. Tomorrow I will be calling. Today I am calling. Yesterday I was calling. Tomorrow I will be calling.（今天我在叫。昨天我在叫。明天我会在叫。）
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE: PRESENT PROGRESSIVE:（现在进行时：）
PAST PROGRESSIVE: PAST PROGRESSIVE:（过去进行时：）
FUTURE PROGRESSIVE: FUTURE PROGRESSIVE:（将来进行时：）
Today I have been calling. Yesterday I had been calling. Tomorrow I will have been calling. Today I have been calling. Yesterday I had been calling. Tomorrow I will have been calling.（今天我一直在叫。昨天我一直在叫。明天这个时候我将一直在叫。）
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE: PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE:（现在完成进行时：）
PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE: PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE:（过去完成进行时：）
FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE: FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE:（将来完成进行时：）
**3c. **Write from memory the simple and perfect tenses of the verb know. 3c. 凭记忆写出动词 know 的简单时态和完成时态。
Today I know. Yesterday I knew. Tomorrow I will know. Today I know. Yesterday I knew. Tomorrow I will know.（今天我知道。昨天我知道。明天我会知道。）
SIMPLE PRESENT: SIMPLE PRESENT:（一般现在时：）
SIMPLE PAST: SIMPLE PAST:（一般过去时：）
SIMPLE FUTURE: SIMPLE FUTURE:（一般将来时：）
Today I have known. As of yesterday, I had known. By this time tomorrow, I will have known. Today I have known. As of yesterday, I had known. By this time tomorrow, I will have known.（今天我已知道。截至昨天，我早已知道。到明天这个时候，我将已经知道。）
PRESENT PERFECT: PRESENT PERFECT:（现在完成时：）
PAST PERFECT: PAST PERFECT:（过去完成时：）
FUTURE PERFECT: FUTURE PERFECT:（将来完成时：）
3d. Write from memory the simple progressive and perfect progressive tenses of the verb know. 3d. 凭记忆写出动词 know 的简单进行时态和完成进行时态。
Today I am knowing. Yesterday I was knowing. Tomorrow I will be knowing. Today I am knowing. Yesterday I was knowing. Tomorrow I will be knowing.（今天我在知晓。昨天我在知晓。明天我会在知晓。）
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE: PRESENT PROGRESSIVE:（现在进行时：）
PAST PROGRESSIVE: PAST PROGRESSIVE:（过去进行时：）
FUTURE PROGRESSIVE: FUTURE PROGRESSIVE:（将来进行时：）
Today I have been knowing. Yesterday I had been knowing. Tomorrow I will have been knowing. Today I have been knowing. Yesterday I had been knowing. Tomorrow I will have been knowing.（今天我一直在知晓。昨天我一直在知晓。明天这个时候我将一直在知晓。）
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE: PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE:（现在完成进行时：）
PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE: PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE:（过去完成进行时：）
FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE: FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE:（将来完成进行时：）
3e. Complete these sentences using the correct verb and the correct principal part: 3e. 用正确的动词和正确的主要动词形式完成下列句子：
I will sit here. (sit / set)
I will sit here. (sit / set)（我将坐在这里。）
I will set my suitcase in the corner. (sit / set)
I will set my suitcase in the corner. (sit / set)（我将把我的手提箱放在角落里。）
I will raise my bag to the top shelf. (rise / raise)
I will raise my bag to the top shelf. (rise / raise)（我将把我的包举到最高的架子上。）
I will rise from my seat. (rise / raise)
I will rise from my seat. (rise / raise)（我将从座位上站起来。）
I have risen from my seat. (risen / raised)
I have risen from my seat. (risen / raised)（我已经从座位上站起来了。）
I have raised my bag. (risen / raised)
I have raised my bag. (risen / raised)（我已经举起了我的包。）
I will lie down. (lie / lay)
I will lie down. (lie / lay)（我将躺下。）
I will lay my bag over here. (lie / lay)
I will lay my bag over here. (lie / lay)（我将把我的包放在这边。）
I have lain here for an hour. (lain / laid)
I have lain here for an hour. (lain / laid)（我已经在这里躺了一个小时了。）
An hour ago, I laid my bag there. (lain / laid)
An hour ago, I laid my bag there. (lain / laid)（一个小时前，我把包放在了那里。）
3f. Complete the sentences using one or more auxiliary verbs: 3f. 用一个或多个助动词完成句子：
The perfect tenses use forms of the auxiliary verb have.
The perfect tenses use forms of the auxiliary verb have.（完成时态使用助动词 have 的各种形式。）
The progressive tenses use forms of the auxiliary verb be.
The progressive tenses use forms of the auxiliary verb be.（进行时态使用助动词 be 的各种形式。）
The perfect progressive tenses use forms of two auxiliary verbs: have and be.
The perfect progressive tenses use forms of two auxiliary verbs: have and be.（完成进行时态使用两个助动词的形式：have 和 be。）
All future tenses use the auxiliary will.
All future tenses use the auxiliary will.（所有将来时态都使用助动词 will。）
3g. Identify the tense of the verb in each of the following sentences using one of these twelve terms: 3g. 用下列十二个术语之一，标出下列每个句子中动词的时态：
• Simple past, present, or future • Simple past, present, or future（一般过去时、一般现在时或一般将来时）
• Present perfect, past perfect, or future perfect • Present perfect, past perfect, or future perfect（现在完成时、过去完成时或将来完成时）
• Present progressive, past progressive, or future progressive • Present progressive, past progressive, or future progressive（现在进行时、过去进行时或将来进行时）
• Present perfect progressive, past perfect progressive, or • Present perfect progressive, past perfect progressive, or（现在完成进行时、过去完成进行时或
future perfect progressive 将来完成进行时）
She was here yesterday. Simple past
She was here yesterday. Simple past（她昨天在这里。简单过去时）
We have been waiting for you for an hour. **Present perfect ** progressive
We have been waiting for you for an hour. Present perfect progressive（我们已经等你一个小时了。现在完成进行时）
She broke her glasses. Simple past
She broke her glasses. Simple past（她打碎了眼镜。简单过去时）
She has broken her glasses twice. Present perfect
She has broken her glasses twice. Present perfect（她已经两次打碎眼镜了。现在完成时）
Yesterday’s news burst all our illusions. Simple past
Yesterday’s news burst all our illusions. Simple past（昨天的消息击碎了我们所有的幻想。简单过去时）
I will speak to the principal. Simple future
I will speak to the principal. Simple future（我要和校长谈谈。一般将来时）
I will be speaking to the principal. Future progressive
I will be speaking to the principal. Future progressive（我将要和校长谈。将来进行时）
We had spoken to the principal already. Past perfect
We had spoken to the principal already. Past perfect（我们已经和校长谈过了。过去完成时）
You will have been speaking to the principal for an hour. Future perfect progressive
You will have been speaking to the principal for an hour. Future perfect progressive（到你谈完时，你将已经和校长谈了一个小时了。将来完成进行时）
I have sung this song before. Present perfect
I have sung this song before. Present perfect（我以前唱过这首歌。现在完成时）
3h. Complete the sentences using the names of principal parts of the verbs, or with the auxiliaries will, have, and be. 3h. 用动词主要形式的名称，或用助动词 will、have 和 be 完成句子。
The perfect tenses are constructed using the third principal part, called the past participle*.*
The perfect tenses are constructed using the third principal part, called the past participle.（完成时态由第三种主要形式构成，称为过去分词。）
The progressive tenses are constructed using the fourth principal part, called the present participle*.*
The progressive tenses are constructed using the fourth principal part, called the present participle.（进行时态由第四种主要形式构成，称为现在分词。）
All future tense verbs begin with the auxiliary will*.*
All future tense verbs begin with the auxiliary will.（所有将来时态的动词都以助动词 will 开头。）
All perfect tenses are constructed using some form of the auxiliary have*.*
All perfect tenses are constructed using some form of the auxiliary have.（所有完成时态都由助动词 have 的某种形式构成。）
All progressive tenses are constructed using some form of the auxiliary be*.*
All progressive tenses are constructed using some form of the auxiliary be.（所有进行时态都由助动词 be 的某种形式构成。）
The tenses constructed using both the auxiliaries have and be are called the perfect progressive tenses.
The tenses constructed using both the auxiliaries have and be are called the perfect progressive tenses.（同时用助动词 have 和 be 构成的时态称为完成进行时态。）
CHAPTER 4
第四章
4a. The three articles:* a, an, the* 4a. 三个冠词：a, an, the（三个冠词：a、an、the）
4b. Identify the adjectives (including articles) in these sentences and underline them. 4b. 标出这些句子中的形容词（包括冠词），并为其加下划线。
The new teacher is waiting in the outer office.
The new teacher is waiting in the outer office.（那位新老师正在外间办公室等着。）
A rainy day could ruin the entire event.
A rainy day could ruin the entire event.（一个雨天可能会毁掉整个活动。）
Count Dracula is the tall, pale man in the shadows.
Count Dracula is the tall, pale man in the shadows.（德古拉伯爵是阴影里那个高个子、面色苍白的男人。）
A backyard garden is a wonderful thing.
A backyard garden is a wonderful thing.（后院花园是件美妙的东西。）
She wore a red and white dress to the casual party.
She wore a red and white dress to the casual party.（她穿了一件红白相间的裙子去参加那场随意的派对。）
I gave my little brother good advice.
I gave my little brother good advice.（我给弟弟提了好的建议。）
She has been a better student this year because of her hard work.
She has been a better student this year because of her hard work.（因为她用功，今年她成了更好的学生。）
Bob’s idea is the worst idea I’ve heard in a long time.
Bob’s idea is the worst idea I’ve heard in a long time.（鲍勃的想法是我很久以来听到过的最糟的主意。）
The point-by-point refutation was a difficult argument to follow.
The point-by-point refutation was a difficult argument to follow.（那逐点反驳是一个难以理解的论证。）
Two roads lead to his farm.
Two roads lead to his farm.（两条路通向他家的农场。）
Which roads are those?
Which roads are those?（哪些路是那几条？）
**4c. **Give the comparative and superlative forms of these adjectives; use a dictionary when you need to. In some cases, there may be no comparative or superlative forms. 4c. 给出下列形容词的比较级和最高级形式；需要时查词典。有些情况下可能没有比较级或最高级形式。
Small, smaller, smallest
Small, smaller, smallest（小的、较小的、最小的）
Fast, faster, fastest
Fast, faster, fastest（快的、更快的、最快的）
Bright, brighter, brightest
Bright, brighter, brightest（明亮的、更明亮的、最明亮的）
Good, better, best
Good, better, best（好的、更好的、最好的）
Bad, worse, worst
Bad, worse, worst（坏的、更坏的、最坏的）
Curious, more curious, most curious
Curious, more curious, most curious（好奇的、更好奇的、最好奇的）
Cheerful, more cheerful, most cheerful
Cheerful, more cheerful, most cheerful（欢快的、更欢快的、最欢快的）
Happy, happier, happiest
Happy, happier, happiest（快乐的、更快乐的、最快乐的）
Wrong: There are no comparative or superlative forms for wrong.
Wrong: There are no comparative or superlative forms for wrong.（wrong：wrong 没有比较级或最高级形式。）
Far, further, furthest
Far, further, furthest（远的、更远的、最远的）
CHAPTER 5
第五章
5a. In the following sentences, mark the underlined words to classify them as adjectives (ADJ) or adverbs (ADV). Count the articles a, an, and the as adjectives. The adverbs here modify verbs only. 5a. 在下面的句子中，标出加下划线的词，将其归类为形容词（ADJ）或副词（ADV）。把冠词 a、an 和 the 算作形容词。这里的副词只修饰动词。
ADJ ADJ ADJ ADJ ADJ ADJ ADJ ADJ（形 形 形 形）
The smaller child learned the simplest tasks. 1. The smaller child learned the simplest tasks.（那个较小的孩子学会了最简单的任务。）
ADJ ADV ADJ ADV（形 副）
The child learns eagerly. 2. The child learns eagerly.（那个孩子学得很急切。）
ADV ADJ ADJ ADJ ADV ADJ ADJ ADJ（副 形 形 形）
John almost had an answer to the difficult question. 3. John almost had an answer to the difficult question.（约翰几乎对那个难题有了一个答案。）
ADV ADJ ADV ADJ（副 形）
Father always encourages realistic thinking. 4. Father always encourages realistic thinking.（父亲总是鼓励切合实际的思考。）
ADJ ADJ ADV ADJ ADJ ADJ ADJ ADV ADJ ADJ（形 形 副 形 形）
The furious family did not wait to see the busy manager. 5. The furious family did not wait to see the busy manager.（那愤怒的一家人没有等着见那位忙碌的经理。）
ADJ ADJ ADJ ADV ADJ ADJ ADJ ADV（形 形 形 副）
A thick, wet snow fell softly. 6. A thick, wet snow fell softly.（一场厚厚、湿湿的雪轻轻落下。）
ADV ADJ ADJ ADJ ADJ ADJ ADV ADJ ADJ ADJ ADJ ADJ（副 形 形 形 形 形）
Silently, a strange man in a black cape stood in the shadows. 7. Silently, a strange man in a black cape stood in the shadows.（寂静中，一个披着黑斗篷的陌生男人站在阴影里。）
5b. Write the comparative and superlative forms of these adverbs; use a dictionary when you need to. 5b. 写出下列副词的比较级和最高级形式；需要时查词典。
Fast, faster, fastest
Fast, faster, fastest（快地、更快地、最快地）
Quickly, more quickly, most quickly
Quickly, more quickly, most quickly（快地、更快地、最快地）
Slowly, more slowly, most slowly
Slowly, more slowly, most slowly（慢地、更慢地、最慢地）
Angrily, more angrily, most angrily
Angrily, more angrily, most angrily（愤怒地、更愤怒地、最愤怒地）
Carefully, more carefully, most carefully
Carefully, more carefully, most carefully（小心地、更小心地、最小心地）
Well, better, best
Well, better, best（好地、更好地、最好地）
Badly, worse, worst
Badly, worse, worst（糟糕地、更糟糕地、最糟糕地）
Early, earlier, earliest
Early, earlier, earliest（早地、更早地、最早地）
Far, farther, farthest
Far, farther, farthest（远地、更远地、最远地）
Often, more often, most often
Often, more often, most often（经常地、更经常地、最经常地）
**5c. **In these sentences, classify the underlined adverbs: Do they modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs? 5c. 在这些句子中，归类加下划线的副词：它们修饰动词、形容词，还是其他副词？
Your mistake was a very small one. (Modifies the adjective small.)
Your mistake was a very small one. (Modifies the adjective small.)（你的错误是个很小的错误。〔修饰形容词 small。〕）
He does well when he tries hard. (Well modifies the verbs does; hard modifies tries.)
He does well when he tries hard. (Well modifies the verbs does; hard modifies tries.)（他努力尝试时做得好。〔Well 修饰动词 does；hard 修饰 tries。〕）
He does quite well when he tries. (Modifies the adverb well.)
He does quite well when he tries. (Modifies the adverb well.)（他尝试时做得相当好。〔修饰副词 well。〕）
The secretary’s notes are evidently missing. (Modifies the verb missing.)
The secretary’s notes are evidently missing. (Modifies the verb missing.)（秘书的笔记显然不见了。〔修饰动词 missing。〕）
Now we finally have the notes. (Both now and finally modify the verb have.)
Now we finally have the notes. (Both now and finally modify the verb have.)（现在我们终于有了笔记。〔now 和 finally 都修饰动词 have。〕）
We took notes rather rapidly, but we could not keep up. (Rather modifies the adverb rapidly; rapidly modifies the verb took; not modifies the verb keep up.)
We took notes rather rapidly, but we could not keep up. (Rather modifies the adverb rapidly; rapidly modifies the verb took; not modifies the verb keep up.)（我们记笔记相当快，但我们跟不上。〔Rather 修饰副词 rapidly；rapidly 修饰动词 took；not 修饰动词 keep up。〕）
We still need good notes. (Modifies the verb need.)
We still need good notes. (Modifies the verb need.)（我们仍然需要好的笔记。〔修饰动词 need。〕）
**5d. **The underlined adjectives and adverbs have been corrected: 5d. 加下划线的形容词和副词已改正：
Esther and Ryan play well, but Esther plays better.
Esther and Ryan play well, but Esther plays better.（以斯帖和瑞安打得好，但以斯帖打得更好。）
By sunset we will have hiked ten miles or farther.
By sunset we will have hiked ten miles or farther.（到日落时我们将已徒步十英里或更远。）
The library has the most complete book on baseball.
The library has the most complete book on baseball.（这家图书馆有最完整的棒球书。）
Bob was the only student left behind.
Bob was the only student left behind.（鲍勃是唯一个被落下的学生。）
Finally we reached the motel.
Finally we reached the motel.（终于我们到了汽车旅馆。）
Be really careful on this highway.
Be really careful on this highway.（在这条公路上一定要真的小心。）
We saw that Bart looked sad.
We saw that Bart looked sad.（我们看到巴特看起来很难过。）
Bart was looking sadly at his wrecked car.
Bart was looking sadly at his wrecked car.（巴特正伤心地看着他撞坏的车。）
Bart was feeling sad on his way home.
Bart was feeling sad on his way home.（巴特在回家的路上感到难过。）
In the lab, we measured the results as precisely as we could.
In the lab, we measured the results as precisely as we could.（在实验室里，我们尽可能精确地测量结果。）
CHAPTER 6
第六章
6a. In the following sentences underline the prepositional phrases and double-underline the preposition. Some sentences contain more than one prepositional phrase. If you need to, refer to the lists of prepositions in this chapter. 6a. 在下面的句子中，给介词短语加下划线，并给介词加双下划线。有些句子含有不止一个介词短语。如果需要，可参考本章的介词表。
In the morning, I drink coffee with cream.
In the morning, I drink coffee with cream.（早上，我喝加奶油的咖啡。）
As a rule, I never put sugar in it.
As a rule, I never put sugar in it.（通常，我从不在咖啡里放糖。）
Amid cars and trucks, Edwina ran across the street.
Amid cars and trucks, Edwina ran across the street.（在汽车和卡车之间，埃德温娜跑过了街道。）
I am looking for the owner of this dog.
I am looking for the owner of this dog.（我在找这只狗的主人。）
Are you referring to the dog that is nipping at your leg?
Are you referring to the dog that is nipping at your leg?（你是指那只咬你腿的狗吗？）
Throughout the book, the author emphasizes the influence of history upon our perception of events.
Throughout the book, the author emphasizes the influence of history upon our perception of events.（全书贯穿了作者对历史如何影响我们对事件的认知的强调。）
Like Arthur, I walked down the hall and paid no attention to the noise within the office.
Like Arthur, I walked down the hall and paid no attention to the noise within the office.（像阿瑟一样，我走过走廊，对办公室里的噪音毫不理会。）
According to Arthur, the noise out of the office was because of an argument between Ed and Grace.
According to Arthur, the noise out of the office was because of an argument between Ed and Grace.（据阿瑟说，办公室传出的噪音是因为埃德和格雷丝之间的争论。）
Arthur should not have been left in charge of the office during the summer.
Arthur should not have been left in charge of the office during the summer.（夏天不该让阿瑟负责办公室。）
In case of further conflicts, we should make plans regarding appropriate training for all employees.
In case of further conflicts, we should make plans regarding appropriate training for all employees.（若再有冲突，我们应制定关于所有员工适当培训的计划。）
6b. After you finish Exercise 6a, go back through the ten sentences above and decide if the prepositional phrases are adjectival (ADJ) or adverbial (ADV), and label them accordingly. 6b. 完成练习 6a 后，回到上面的十个句子，判断介词短语是形容词性的（ADJ）还是副词性的（ADV），并相应标注。
ADV ADJ ADV ADJ（副 形）
In the morning, I drink coffee with cream. 1. In the morning, I drink coffee with cream.（早上，我喝加奶油的咖啡。）
ADV ADV ADV ADV（副 副）
As a rule, I never put sugar in it. 2. As a rule, I never put sugar in it.（通常，我从不在里面放糖。）
ADV ADV ADV ADV（副 副）
Amid cars and trucks, Edwina ran across the street. 3. Amid cars and trucks, Edwina ran across the street.（在汽车和卡车之间，埃德温娜跑过了街道。）
ADV ADJ ADV ADJ（副 形）
I am looking for the owner of this dog. 4. I am looking for the owner of this dog.（我在找这只狗的主人。）
ADV ADV ADV ADV（副 副）
Are you referring to the dog that is nipping at your leg? 5. Are you referring to the dog that is nipping at your leg?（你是指那只咬你腿的狗吗？）
ADV ADV（副）
Throughout the book, the author emphasizes the influence ADJ ADJ ADJ ADJ ADJ ADJ（形 形 形）
of history upon our perception of events. 6. Throughout the book, the author emphasizes the influence of history upon our perception of events.（全书贯穿了作者对历史如何影响我们对事件的认知的强调。）
ADV ADV ADV ADV（副 副）
Like Arthur, I walked down the hall and paid no attention ADJ ADJ ADJ ADJ（形 形）
to the noise within the office. 7. Like Arthur, I walked down the hall and paid no attention to the noise within the office.（像阿瑟一样，我走过走廊，对办公室里的噪音毫不理会。）
ADV ADJ ADV ADJ（副 形）
According to Arthur, the noise out of the office was ADV ADJ ADV ADJ（副 形）
because of an argument between Ed and Grace. 8. According to Arthur, the noise out of the office was because of an argument between Ed and Grace.（据阿瑟说，办公室传出的噪音是因为埃德和格雷丝之间的争论。）
ADV ADJ ADV ADJ（副 形）
Arthur should not have been left in charge of the office ADV ADV（副）
during the summer. 9. Arthur should not have been left in charge of the office during the summer.（夏天不该让阿瑟负责办公室。）
ADV ADJ ADV ADJ（副 形）
In case of further conflicts, we should make plans ADJ ADJ ADJ ADJ（形 形）
regarding appropriate training for all employees. 10. In case of further conflicts, we should make plans regarding appropriate training for all employees.（若再有冲突，我们应制定关于所有员工适当培训的计划。）
CHAPTER 7
第七章
**7a. In this exercise, you need to write five versions of the same short sentence. Each version will use a different pronoun. ** 7a. 在本练习中，你需要把同一个短句写出五个版本。每个版本使用不同的代词。
First read the pronouns in the parentheses after each sentence. Then, for each pronoun, find the correct case to insert into the blank. Consult the pronoun tables in this chapter if you need to. 先读每句后括号里的代词。然后，针对每个代词，找出正确格填入空格。如果需要，可查阅本章的代词表。
The answers are italicized: 答案用斜体标出：
You can go with _____. (I, he, we, they, she): *me, him, us, * them, her
You can go with _____. (I, he, we, they, she): me, him, us, them, her（你可以和____一起去。〔我、他、我们、他们、她〕：me、him、us、them、her）
We will take _____ to the mall. (he, she, they, you): *him, * her, them, you
We will take _____ to the mall. (he, she, they, you): him, her, them, you（我们要带____去商场。〔他、她、他们、你〕：him、her、them、you）
_____ can go with me. (him, her, you, them, us): *He, She, * You, They, We
_____ can go with me. (him, her, you, them, us): He, She, You, They, We（____可以和我一起去。〔他、她、你、他们、我们〕：He、She、You、They、We）
That isn’t your book. It’s _____. (I, he, we, they, she): *mine, * his, ours, theirs, hers
That isn’t your book. It’s _____. (I, he, we, they, she): mine, his, ours, theirs, hers（那不是你的书。它是____的。〔我、他、我们、他们、她〕：mine、his、ours、theirs、hers）
We won’t go to your place. We’ll go to _____ place. (I, he, we, they, she): my, his, our, their, her
We won’t go to your place. We’ll go to _____ place. (I, he, we, they, she): my, his, our, their, her（我们不去你家。我们要去____家。〔我、他、我们、他们、她〕：my、his、our、their、her）
7b. Write the pronoun that is specified by the terms. Usually only one pronoun is possible for each exercise. Consult the pronoun tables when you need to. 7b. 写出由术语指定的代词。通常每个练习只有一种可能的代词。需要时查阅代词表。
First-person objective singular: me
First-person objective singular: me（第一人称宾格单数：me）
First-person objective plural: us
First-person objective plural: us（第一人称宾格复数：us）
Second-person nominative singular (or plural): you
Second-person nominative singular (or plural): you（第二人称主格单数〔或复数〕：you）
Feminine third-person nominative singular: she
Feminine third-person nominative singular: she（第三人称阴性主格单数：she）
Third-person nominative plural: they
Third-person nominative plural: they（第三人称主格复数：they）
Third-person objective singular: him, her, or it.
Third-person objective singular: him, her, or it.（第三人称宾格单数：him、her 或 it。）
Third-person objective plural: them
Third-person objective plural: them（第三人称宾格复数：them）
First-person nominative plural: we
First-person nominative plural: we（第一人称主格复数：we）
First-person possessive singular: my or mine
First-person possessive singular: my or mine（第一人称所有格单数：my 或 mine）
Neuter third-person nominative singular:* it*
Neuter third-person nominative singular:* it*（中性第三人称主格单数：it）
7c. Classify the following pronouns according to person, case, and number. With the third-person singular pronouns, also classify gender (masculine, feminine, or neuter). Consult the tables when necessary. 7c. 按人称、格和数归类下列代词。对第三人称单数代词，还要归类性（阳性、阴性或中性）。必要时查阅表格。
My (First-person possessive singular)
My (First-person possessive singular)（我的〔第一人称所有格单数〕）
He (Third-person nominative masculine singular)
He (Third-person nominative masculine singular)（他〔第三人称主格阳性单数〕）
Him (Third-person objective masculine singular)
Him (Third-person objective masculine singular)（他〔第三人称宾格阳性单数〕）
Its (Third-person possessive neuter singular)
Its (Third-person possessive neuter singular)（它的〔第三人称所有格中性单数〕）
Yours (Second-person possessive singular or plural)
Yours (Second-person possessive singular or plural)（你的/你们的〔第二人称所有格单数或复数〕）
We (First-person nominative plural)
We (First-person nominative plural)（我们〔第一人称主格复数〕）
Us (First-person objective plural)
Us (First-person objective plural)（我们〔第一人称宾格复数〕）
Our (First-person possessive plural)
Our (First-person possessive plural)（我们的〔第一人称所有格复数〕）
They (Third-person nominative plural)
They (Third-person nominative plural)（他们〔第三人称主格复数〕）
Them (Third-person objective plural)
Them (Third-person objective plural)（他们〔第三人称宾格复数〕）
**7d. **In the following sentences, identify and correct carelessly used pronouns. In the answers below, corrected words are underlined, and correct sentences are unchanged. 7d. 在下面的句子中，找出并改正使用草率的代词。在下面的答案中，改正的词语加了下划线，正确的句子保持不变。
If anyone sees a problem, please report it immediately.
If anyone sees a problem, please report it immediately.（如果有人看到问题，请立即报告。）
Neither excessive heat nor cold will damage the crop unless the extreme weather lasts for weeks.
Neither excessive heat nor cold will damage the crop unless the extreme weather lasts for weeks.（除非极端天气持续数周，否则过热或过冷都不会损害作物。）
It’s time to study grammar.
It’s time to study grammar.（是学习语法的时候了。）
If you want to do well in this course, you should be prepared to work hard.
If you want to do well in this course, you should be prepared to work hard.（如果你想在这门课取得好成绩，就该准备好用功。）
Each of these books has its correct place on the shelves.
Each of these books has its correct place on the shelves.（这些书中每一本在书架上都有它正确的位置。）
Jerry was helped to his apartment by Jim.
Jerry was helped to his apartment by Jim.（杰瑞被吉姆扶回了他的公寓。）
Medical doctors need to know their science well.
Medical doctors need to know their science well.（医生需要精通他们的科学。）
Our dog has something in its paw.
Our dog has something in its paw.（我们的狗爪子里有什么东西。）
The car needs a new transmission, and the tires need replacing, but I only paid five hundred dollars for it.
The car needs a new transmission, and the tires need replacing, but I only paid five hundred dollars for it.（这辆车需要新的变速箱，轮胎也需要换，但我只花了五百美元买它。）
As the bicyclists sped by the crowd, some bikers nearly hit onlookers.
As the bicyclists sped by the crowd, some bikers nearly hit onlookers.（当骑车人从人群旁飞驰而过时，有些骑车人差点撞到旁观者。）
**7e. **Complete the following tables for the simple tenses of the verb to be. 7e. 完成下面动词 to be 简单时态的表格。
Simple tenses: Simple tenses:（简单时态：）
Singular Present Past Future Singular Present Past Future（单数 现在 过去 将来）
1st person I am I was I will be 1st person I am I was I will be（第一人称 我是 我曾是 我将是）
2nd person You are You were You will be 2nd person You are You were You will be（第二人称 你是 你曾是 你将是）
3rd person He is He was He will be 3rd person He is He was He will be（第三人称 他是 他曾是 他将是）
Plural Present Past Future Plural Present Past Future（复数 现在 过去 将来）
1st person We are We were We will be 1st person We are We were We will be（第一人称 我们是 我们曾是 我们将是）
2nd person You are You were You will be 2nd person You are You were You will be（第二人称 你们是 你们曾是 你们将是）
3rd person They are They were They will be 3rd person They are They were They will be（第三人称 他们是 他们曾是 他们将是）
**7f. **Complete the following table for the perfect tenses of the verb to be. Also provide pronouns as subjects of the verbs. 7f. 完成下面动词 to be 完成时态的表格。同时提供作为动词主语的代词。
Singular Present Past Future Singular Present Past Future（单数 现在 过去 将来）
1st person I have been I had been I will have been 1st person I have been I had been I will have been（第一人称 我曾是 我过去曾是 我将已经是）
2nd person You have been You had been You will have been 2nd person You have been You had been You will have been（第二人称 你曾是 你过去曾是 你将已经是）
3rd person He has been He had been He will have been 3rd person He has been He had been He will have been（第三人称 他曾是 他过去曾是 他将已经是）
**7g. **Complete the following tables for the progressive and perfect progressive tenses of the verb to be. Also provide pronouns as subjects of the verbs. 7g. 完成下面动词 to be 进行时态和完成进行时态的表格。同时提供作为动词主语的代词。
Progressive Progressive（进行时）
Singular Present Past Future Singular Present Past Future（单数 现在 过去 将来）
1st person I am being I was being I will be being 1st person I am being I was being I will be being（第一人称 我正（被） 我曾正（被） 我将正（被））
2nd person You are being You were being You will be being 2nd person You are being You were being You will be being（第二人称 你正（被） 你曾正（被） 你将正（被））
3rd person She is being She was being She will be being 3rd person She is being She was being She will be being（第三人称 她正（被） 她曾正（被） 她将正（被））
Perfect Progressive Perfect Progressive（完成进行时）
Singular Present Past Future Singular Present Past Future（单数 现在 过去 将来）
I have been being I had been being I will have been being I have been being（我一直在（被）） I had been being（我过去一直在（被）） I will have been being（我将一直在（被））
1st person 1st person（第一人称）
You have been being You had been being You will have been being You have been being（你一直在（被）） You had been being（你过去一直在（被）） You will have been being（你将一直在（被））
2nd person 2nd person（第二人称）
She has been being She had been being She will have been being She has been being（她一直在（被）） She had been being（她过去一直在（被）） She will have been being（她将一直在（被））
3rd person 3rd person（第三人称）
CHAPTER 8
第八章
8a. In the following sentences, fill in the blanks with one word: *always, never, *or sometimes. 8a. 在下面的句子中，用一个词填空：always（总是）、never（从不） 或 sometimes（有时）。
Sentences with action verbs sometimes have a complement.
Sentences with action verbs sometimes have a complement.（带动作动词的句子有时有补语。）
Sentences with linking verbs *always *have a complement.
Sentences with linking verbs always have a complement.（带连系动词的句子总是有补语。）
Sentences with intransitive verbs never have a complement.
Sentences with intransitive verbs never have a complement.（带不及物动词的句子从不有补语。）
Sentences with transitive verbs always have a complement.
Sentences with transitive verbs always have a complement.（带及物动词的句子总是有补语。）
Sentences with transitive verbs always have a direct object.
Sentences with transitive verbs always have a direct object.（带及物动词的句子总是有直接宾语。）
Sentences with transitive verbs sometimes have an indirect object.
Sentences with transitive verbs sometimes have an indirect object.（带及物动词的句子有时有间接宾语。）
Sentences with linking verbs sometimes have a predicate nominative.
Sentences with linking verbs sometimes have a predicate nominative.（带连系动词的句子有时有表语。）
Sentences with transitive verbs never have a predicate adjective.
Sentences with transitive verbs never have a predicate adjective.（带及物动词的句子从不有谓语形容词。）
Sentences with linking verbs sometimes have a predicate adjective.
Sentences with linking verbs sometimes have a predicate adjective.（带连系动词的句子有时有谓语形容词。）
Sentences with transitive verbs sometimes have an object complement.
Sentences with transitive verbs sometimes have an object complement.（带及物动词的句子有时有宾语补语。）
Sentences with linking verbs never have an object complement.
Sentences with linking verbs never have an object complement.（带连系动词的句子从不有宾语补语。）
Sentences with linking verbs never have a direct object.
Sentences with linking verbs never have a direct object.（带连系动词的句子从不有直接宾语。）
8b. In the sentences below, identify the complements and classify them as a direct object, an indirect object, a predicate adjective, a predicate nominative, or an object complement. 8b. 在下面的句子中，标出补语，并将其归类为直接宾语、间接宾语、谓语形容词、表语或宾语补语。
My daughter made me proud. *Direct object, object * complement
My daughter made me proud. Direct object, object complement（我女儿让我感到骄傲。直接宾语、宾语补语）
My aunt brought me a souvenir. Indirect object, direct object
My aunt brought me a souvenir. Indirect object, direct object（我姑姑给我带了一件纪念品。间接宾语、直接宾语）
My sister is late. Predicate adjective
My sister is late. Predicate adjective（我妹妹迟到了。谓语形容词）
Both my sisters are teachers. Predicate nominative
Both my sisters are teachers. Predicate nominative（我的两个妹妹都是老师。表语）
Both my sisters are arriving at noon.* No complement*
Both my sisters are arriving at noon.* No complement*（我的两个妹妹中午到达。无补语）
Six hours a day, Ruthie practices the accordion. Direct object
Six hours a day, Ruthie practices the accordion. Direct object（鲁西每天练六小时手风琴。直接宾语）
Ruthie practices for hours every day. No complement
Ruthie practices for hours every day. No complement（鲁西每天练几个小时。无补语）
We sent Bill and Sue a gift. Indirect object, direct object
We sent Bill and Sue a gift. Indirect object, direct object（我们给比尔和苏寄了一份礼物。间接宾语、直接宾语）
They were kind and grateful. Compound predicate adjective
They were kind and grateful. Compound predicate adjective（他们既善良又感恩。并列谓语形容词）
I will address that issue at another time. Direct object
I will address that issue at another time. Direct object（我会在另一个时间处理那个问题。直接宾语）
That fellow became our assistant. Predicate nominative
That fellow became our assistant. Predicate nominative（那个家伙成了我们的助手。表语）
Bonnie bought Ed that painting. *Indirect object, direct * object
Bonnie bought Ed that painting. Indirect object, direct object（邦妮给埃德买了那幅画。间接宾语、直接宾语）
8c. Now go back through the sentences above and identify the verbs as linking, transitive, or intransitive. 8c. 现在回到上面的句子，将动词归类为连系动词、及物动词或不及物动词。
My daughter made me proud.* Transitive*
My daughter made me proud.* Transitive*（我女儿让我感到骄傲。及物）
My aunt brought me a souvenir.* Transitive*
My aunt brought me a souvenir.* Transitive*（我姑姑给我带了一件纪念品。及物）
My sister is late.* Linking*
My sister is late.* Linking*（我妹妹迟到了。连系）
Both my sisters are teachers.* Linking*
Both my sisters are teachers.* Linking*（我的两个妹妹都是老师。连系）
Both my sisters are arriving at noon* Intransitive*
Both my sisters are arriving at noon* Intransitive*（我的两个妹妹中午到达。不及物）
Six hours a day, Ruthie practices the accordion. Transitive
Six hours a day, Ruthie practices the accordion. Transitive（鲁西每天练六小时手风琴。及物）
Ruthie practices for hours every day. Intransitive
Ruthie practices for hours every day. Intransitive（鲁西每天练几个小时。不及物）
We sent Bill and Sue a gift.* Transitive*
We sent Bill and Sue a gift.* Transitive*（我们给比尔和苏寄了一份礼物。及物）
They were kind and grateful. Linking
They were kind and grateful. Linking（他们既善良又感恩。连系）
I will address that issue at another time. *Transitive *
I will address that issue at another time. Transitive（我会在另一个时间处理那个问题。及物）
That fellow became our assistant.* Linking*
That fellow became our assistant.* Linking*（那个家伙成了我们的助手。连系）
Bonnie bought Ed that painting.* Transitive*
Bonnie bought Ed that painting.* Transitive*（邦妮给埃德买了那幅画。及物）
CHAPTER 9
第九章
9a. Try to write, from memory, the seven coordinating conjunc- tions. (A hint: Remember FANBOYS.) Check your answers with the list in this chapter. 9a. 凭记忆写出七个并列连词。（提示：记住 FANBOYS。）用本章的列表核对你的答案。
for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so（因为、和、也不、但是、或、然而、所以）
9b. Try to write, from memory, the four correlative coordinating conjunctions. Check your answers with the list in this chapter. 9b. 凭记忆写出四个关联并列连词。用本章的列表核对你的答案。
Either . . . or; neither . . . nor; not only . . . but also; both . . . and Either . . . or; neither . . . nor; not only . . . but also; both . . . and（要么……要么；既不……也不；不但……而且；既……又）
9c. Try to write, from memory, ten of the subordinating conjunctions, and consult the chapter to check your answers. 9c. 凭记忆写出十个从属连词，并查阅本章核对你的答案。
after although as because before however if lest once since than that though till unless until when whenever where wherever whereas whether while after although as because before however if lest（在……之后、虽然、如同、因为、在……之前、然而、如果、唯恐） once since than that though till unless until（一旦、既然、比、那个、尽管、直到、除非、直到……为止） when whenever where wherever whereas whether while（当……时、无论何时、在哪里、无论何处、鉴于、是否、而）
9d. In the following sentences, underline and classify the conjunctions as coordinating (C) or subordinating (S) and put brackets around any prepositions. Refer to the lists in this chapter and the previous chapter if you need to. Classify correlative conjunctions as coordinating. 9d. 在下面的句子中，给连词加下划线并归类为并列连词（C）或从属连词（S），并用方括号把任何介词括起来。如果需要，可参考本章和上一章的列表。关联连词归类为并列连词。
Here’s an example: 下面是一个例子：
C [In] the following sentences, underline and classify the conjunctions C C [as] coordinating or subordinating and put brackets [around] any prepositions. C C C 1. C（并列） [In] the following sentences, underline and classify the conjunctions（〔在〕下面的句子中，给连词加下划线并归类） C C [as] coordinating or subordinating and put brackets [around] any prepositions.（〔作为〕并列或从属，并用方括号把任何介词〔around〕括起来。） C C C 1.
The film was not only boring, but also offensive, so we asked C [for] a refund and went home. 1. The film was not only boring, but also offensive, so we asked [for] a refund and went home.（那部电影不仅无聊，而且冒犯人，所以我们要求退款回家。）
C 2. [In] the morning and again [in] the evening, Ruthie S practices her violin until her mother can’t stand it anymore. C 2. [In] the morning and again [in] the evening, Ruthie practices her violin until her mother can’t stand it anymore.（〔在〕早上，以及再次〔在〕傍晚，鲁西练习她的小提琴，直到她妈妈再也无法忍受。）
S 3. We went [to] the diner [for] lunch, for we were expected back soon. S S 3. We went [to] the diner [for] lunch, for we were expected back soon.（我们〔去〕小餐馆〔吃〕午饭，因为我们预计很快回来。）
S S 4. Because we are tired, we’ll take a short break before we continue studying. S S 4. Because we are tired, we’ll take a short break before we continue studying.（因为我们累了，我们会在继续学习前稍作休息。）
C S 5. Fred and George have been gone [since] Friday night, since they took a “short break” [from] studying. C S 5. Fred and George have been gone [since] Friday night, since they took a “short break” [from] studying.（弗雷德和乔治〔自从〕周五晚就离开了，因为他们从学习中抽了个“短假”。）
S C 6. After I finish this project, we can meet [after] work and S C 6. After I finish this project, we can meet [after] work and（在我完成这个项目后，我们可以〔在〕下班后见面，并且）
discuss the project. discuss the project.（讨论这个项目。）
C C C C 7. Frank and George are neither punctual nor organized, yet they somehow do their work well. C C C C 7. Frank and George are neither punctual nor organized, yet they somehow do their work well.（弗兰克和乔治既不守时也无条理，然而他们 somehow 把工作做得不错。）
S S 8. He was so confident that he underestimated his opponent. S S 8. He was so confident that he underestimated his opponent.（他如此自信，以至于低估了对手。）
S 9. The room looked as if it had not been occupied [in] some C C time, but it had been occupied [for] days or weeks. S 9. The room looked as if it had not been occupied [in] some time, but it had been occupied [for] days or weeks.（房间看起来好像〔在〕一段时间内没人住过，但它确实被占用了几天或几周。）
C C 10. The longer he waited, the more impatient he became. C C 10. The longer he waited, the more impatient he became.（他等得越久，就越不耐烦。）
**9e. **In the following sentences, identify and label compound subjects, compound verbs, compound predicates, and other compound structures, but not clauses. 9e. 在下面的句子中，标出并归类并列主语、并列动词、并列谓语和其他并列结构，但不包括从句。
Anne always fastens her seatbelt and locks her doors before she drives. Compound predicate
Anne always fastens her seatbelt and locks her doors before she drives. Compound predicate（安妮开车前总是系好安全带并锁好车门。并列谓语）
Anne and James are driving to Nashville and Chattanooga. Compound subject and compound object of the preposition
Anne and James are driving to Nashville and Chattanooga. Compound subject and compound object of the preposition（安妮和詹姆斯正开车去纳什维尔和查塔努加。并列主语和介词的并列宾语）
In Nashville, Anne shopped and visited her family. Compound predicate
In Nashville, Anne shopped and visited her family. Compound predicate（在纳什维尔，安妮购物并探望了家人。并列谓语）
She and I always enjoy Nashville, but seldom get to go there. Compound subject and compound predicate
She and I always enjoy Nashville, but seldom get to go there. Compound subject and compound predicate（她和我总喜欢纳什维尔，却很少能去那里。并列主语和并列谓语）
The next day we will drive from Tennessee to Illinois. *No * compounds here
The next day we will drive from Tennessee to Illinois. No compounds here（第二天我们将从田纳西开车去伊利诺伊。这里没有并列结构）
In Illinois, we will visit the Lincoln Museum and the Lincoln Library. Compound direct object.
In Illinois, we will visit the Lincoln Museum and the Lincoln Library. Compound direct object.（在伊利诺伊，我们将参观林肯博物馆和林肯图书馆。并列直接宾语。）
We will stop in Wisconsin or Minnesota for the night. *Compound object of the preposition *in.
We will stop in Wisconsin or Minnesota for the night. Compound object of the preposition in.（我们会在威斯康星或明尼苏达过夜。介词 in 的并列宾语。）
In Minnesota we will ski and visit family. *Compound * predicate.
In Minnesota we will ski and visit family. Compound predicate.（在明尼苏达我们会滑雪并探望家人。并列谓语。）
Anne and her sister Alice love skiing. Compound subject.
Anne and her sister Alice love skiing. Compound subject.（安妮和她的姐姐爱丽丝喜欢滑雪。并列主语。）
In cold weather, James stays indoors and reads. *Compound * predicate.
In cold weather, James stays indoors and reads. Compound predicate.（天气冷时，詹姆斯待在室内读书。并列谓语。）
CHAPTER 10
第十章
**10a. **Go back to the beginning pages of this chapter and reread the definitions of an independent clause, a dependent clause, and a sentence. Then try to write the three definitions from memory, and use the book to check your work. 10a. 回到本章开头，重读独立从句、从属从句和句子的定义。然后凭记忆写出这三个定义，并用书核对你的答案。
An independent clause contains at least one subject and at least one predicate, and it contains no word (like a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun) that makes the clause dependent on another clause to be complete. An independent clause（独立从句）至少包含一个主语和至少一个谓语，并且不含任何使该从句依赖另一从句才能完整的词（如从属连词或关系代词）。
A dependent clause contains at least one subject and at least one predicate, and it is not grammatically complete by itself. A dependent clause（从属从句）至少包含一个主语和至少一个谓语，但本身在语法上不完整。
A sentence is a unit of language that contains at least one independent clause. It may also contain one or more dependent clauses. A sentence（句子）是至少包含一个独立从句的语言单位。它也可以包含一个或多个从属从句。
**10b. **Classify the following sentences according to their structures. Each sentence will be simple, compound, complex, or compound- complex. Refer to the definitions in this chapter when you need to. 10b. 按结构归类下列句子。每句要么是简单句、并列句、复杂句，要么是并列复杂句。需要时参考本章定义。
My family owned a cocker spaniel when I was young. Complex
My family owned a cocker spaniel when I was young. Complex（我小时候家里养过一只可卡犬。复杂句）
Before the meeting, we will set up the room, and you should prepare the refreshments. Compound
Before the meeting, we will set up the room, and you should prepare the refreshments. Compound（会议前我们会布置房间，而你应准备茶点。并列句）
Before the meeting begins, we will set up the room, and you should prepare the refreshments. Compound-complex
Before the meeting begins, we will set up the room, and you should prepare the refreshments. Compound-complex（在会议开始前，我们会布置房间，而你应准备茶点。并列复杂句）
He has done well since graduation, and he credits his success to the university. Compound
He has done well since graduation, and he credits his success to the university. Compound（毕业后他表现很好，并把成功归功于大学。并列句）
As if he is the supervisor. Fragment
As if he is the supervisor. Fragment（好像他是主管似的。碎片句）
Since graduation, when he began working here, while Arthur was the supervisor of both departments. Fragment
Since graduation, when he began working here, while Arthur was the supervisor of both departments. Fragment（自从毕业，当他开始在这里工作，而阿瑟是两个部门的主管时。碎片句）
Louise and Sharon went to the garage and found their car. Simple
Louise and Sharon went to the garage and found their car. Simple（路易丝和莎伦去了车库，找到了他们的车。简单句）
Either Arthur and Gwyn find a way to solve this problem themselves, or they must seek help. Compound
Either Arthur and Gwyn find a way to solve this problem themselves, or they must seek help. Compound（要么阿瑟和格温自己找到解决办法，要么他们必须求助。并列句）
Both spring and fall are their favorite seasons for camping and fishing in the mountains. Simple
Both spring and fall are their favorite seasons for camping and fishing in the mountains. Simple（春天和秋天都是他们去山里露营钓鱼的最爱季节。简单句）
We sat nervously as we waited for our interviews. Complex
We sat nervously as we waited for our interviews. Complex（我们紧张地坐着，等待面试。复杂句）
During our interviews, the applicants occasionally answered poorly, but in general they did well. Compound
During our interviews, the applicants occasionally answered poorly, but in general they did well. Compound（面试中，应聘者偶尔答得不好，但总体表现不错。并列句）
After they left the office, they returned, for Louise had forgotten her portfolio. Compound-complex
After they left the office, they returned, for Louise had forgotten her portfolio. Compound-complex（他们离开办公室后又回来了，因为路易丝忘了作品集。并列复杂句）
**10c. **Return to the sentences in 10b, and identify the complete subjects and predicates in all the clauses of all the complete sentences. Put subjects in brackets and underline predicates. 10c. 回到 10b 中的句子，标出所有完整句子中所有从句的完整主语和谓语。主语用方括号，谓语加下划线。
[My family] owned a cocker spaniel when [I] was young.
[My family] owned a cocker spaniel when [I] was young.（〔我家人〕养过一只可卡犬，那时〔我〕还小。）
Before the meeting, [we] will set up the room, and [you] should prepare the refreshments.
Before the meeting, [we] will set up the room, and [you] should prepare the refreshments.（会议前，〔我们〕会布置房间，〔你〕应准备茶点。）
Before [the meeting] begins, [we] will set up the room, and [you] should prepare the refreshments.
Before [the meeting] begins, [we] will set up the room, and [you] should prepare the refreshments.（在〔会议〕开始前，〔我们〕会布置房间，〔你〕应准备茶点。）
[He] has done well since graduation, and [he] credits his success to the university.
[He] has done well since graduation, and [he] credits his success to the university.（〔他〕毕业后表现很好，〔他〕把成功归功于大学。）
5. This is a fragment sentence. 5. This is a fragment sentence.（5. 这是一个碎片句。）
6. This is also a fragment sentence. 6. This is also a fragment sentence.（6. 这也是一个碎片句。）
[Louise and Sharon] went to the garage and found their car.
[Louise and Sharon] went to the garage and found their car.（〔路易丝和莎伦〕去了车库，找到了他们的车。）
Either [Arthur and Gwyn] find a way to solve this problem themselves, or [they] must seek help.
Either [Arthur and Gwyn] find a way to solve this problem themselves, or [they] must seek help.（要么〔阿瑟和格温〕自己找到办法，要么〔他们〕必须求助。）
[Both spring and fall] are their favorite seasons for camping in the mountains and fishing.
[Both spring and fall] are their favorite seasons for camping in the mountains and fishing.（〔春天和秋天〕是他们去山里露营钓鱼的最爱季节。）
[We] sat nervously as [we] waited for our interviews.
[We] sat nervously as [we] waited for our interviews.（〔我们〕紧张地坐着，〔我们〕等待面试。）
During the interviews, [the applicants] occasionally answered poorly, but in general [they] did well.
During the interviews, [the applicants] occasionally answered poorly, but in general [they] did well.（面试中，〔应聘者〕偶尔答得不好，但总体上〔他们〕表现不错。）
After [they] left the office, [they] returned, for [Louise] had forgotten her portfolio.
After [they] left the office, [they] returned, for [Louise] had forgotten her portfolio.（〔他们〕离开办公室后，〔他们〕回来了，因为〔路易丝〕忘了作品集。）
**10d. **Classify the following sentences according to their purposes: Each sentence will be declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory. (Don’t worry about possible implicit meanings.) Refer to the definitions in this chapter when you need to. 10d. 按用途归类下列句子：每句要么是陈述句、疑问句、祈使句，要么是感叹句。（不必考虑可能的隐含意义。）需要时参考本章定义。
What a mess! Exclamatory
What a mess! Exclamatory（真是一团糟！感叹句）
What are you shouting about? Interrogative
What are you shouting about? Interrogative（你在喊什么？疑问句）
I forgot my portfolio, and now the office is closed. Declarative
I forgot my portfolio, and now the office is closed. Declarative（我忘了作品集，现在办公室关门了。陈述句）
Just relax and get it tomorrow. Imperative
Just relax and get it tomorrow. Imperative（放松点，明天去拿。祈使句）
Listen! Imperative
Listen! Imperative（听！祈使句）
The boys’ choir is singing. Imperative
The boys’ choir is singing. Imperative（男童合唱团在唱歌。祈使句〔注：原书标为祈使，疑为陈述句之误，但保留原答案〕）
What music those children make! Exclamatory
What music those children make! Exclamatory（那些孩子奏出多美的音乐！感叹句）
Didn’t Count Dracula say that once? Interrogative
Didn’t Count Dracula say that once? Interrogative（德古拉伯爵不是说过那句话吗？疑问句）
Are you comparing the boys’ choir to wolves? Interrogative
Are you comparing the boys’ choir to wolves? Interrogative（你把男童合唱团比作狼吗？疑问句）
Stop twisting my words! Imperative
Stop twisting my words! Imperative（别曲解我的话！祈使句）
CHAPTER 11
第十一章
**11a. **Underline the relative clauses in the following sentences. Double-underline the relative pronouns. Locate the nouns modified by each relative clause and enclose them in square brackets. Remember that some uses of that are not relative pronouns. You’ll see an example here. 11a. 给下列句子中的关系从句加下划线。给关系代词加双下划线。找出每个关系从句所修饰的名词，并用方括号括起来。记住，that 的某些用法并不是关系代词。这里你会看到一个例子。
The [house] that is being renovated was my grandmother’s home.
The [house] that is being renovated was my grandmother’s home.（〔房子〕正在装修，那是我祖母的家。）
Please get the [book], which I left in my office.
Please get the [book], which I left in my office.（请拿一下〔书〕，我落在办公室了。）
You can give that letter to the [man] who is waiting outside.
You can give that letter to the [man] who is waiting outside.（你可以把那封信交给在外等候的〔男人〕。）
The [woman] whose car you dented wants to speak to you.
The [woman] whose car you dented wants to speak to you.（你撞了她的车的〔女人〕想和你谈谈。）
The [man] who is waiting already has that letter that you left in your office.
The [man] who is waiting already has that letter that you left in your office.（正在等候的〔男人〕已经拿了你在办公室落下的那封信。）
The [customer] whom you phoned is waiting in the office.
The [customer] whom you phoned is waiting in the office.（你打电话的〔顾客〕正在办公室等着。）
I know the [man] to whom they spoke.
I know the [man] to whom they spoke.（我认识他们与之交谈的〔男人〕。）
**11b. **Underline the relative clauses in the following sentences. Double-underline the relative adverbs. Locate the nouns modified by each relative clause and enclose them in square brackets. 11b. 给下列句子中的关系从句加下划线。给关系副词加双下划线。找出每个关系从句所修饰的名词，并用方括号括起来。
The [house] where he was born is on Fifth Street.
The [house] where he was born is on Fifth Street.（他出生的〔房子〕在第五大街。）
In [April 1943], when he was born, his parents were living and working in the city.
In [April 1943], when he was born, his parents were living and working in the city.（在〔1943年4月〕他出生时，他的父母住在这座城市并工作。）
Spring is the [season] when I am happiest, and home is the [place] where all of us are most comfortable.
Spring is the [season] when I am happiest, and home is the [place] where all of us are most comfortable.（春天是我最快乐的〔季节〕，家是我们最舒服的〔地方〕。）
[Marceline], where Walt Disney grew up, is a small town in northern Missouri.
[Marceline], where Walt Disney grew up, is a small town in northern Missouri.（〔马塞林〕是沃尔特·迪士尼长大的地方，密苏里州北部的一个小镇。）
In [1911], when his family moved to Kansas City, Disney left Marceline.
In [1911], when his family moved to Kansas City, Disney left Marceline.（在〔1911年〕他家搬到堪萨斯城时，迪士尼离开了马塞林。）
11c. Rewrite each of the following pairs of sentences as a single sentence with a relative clause. Make the second sentence the relative clause. Underline the relative clause in each new sentence. 11c. 把下面每对句子改写成带关系从句的单句。把第二句作为关系从句。在每个新句中给关系从句加下划线。
A reminder: The relative pronouns are *who, whom, whose, which, * and that. 提醒：关系代词是 who、whom、whose、which 和 that。
That man who is standing over there is my neighbor.
That man who is standing over there is my neighbor.（站在那边的那个人是我的邻居。）
I like the car that you rented today.
I like the car that you rented today.（我喜欢你今天租的那辆车。）
The woman whom you called earlier is at the door.
The woman whom you called earlier is at the door.（你早些时候打电话的那位女士在门口。）
The dog that I lost has been found.
The dog that I lost has been found.（我丢失的那只狗已经被找到了。）
My mother, who loves old movies, is watching Casablanca.
My mother, who loves old movies, is watching Casablanca.（我母亲喜欢老电影，正在看《卡萨布兰卡》。）
11d. Rewrite each pair of sentences as one sentence with a relative clause. Make the second sentence the relative clause. Underline the relative clause in each new sentence. 11d. 把每对句子改写为带关系从句的单句。把第二句作为关系从句。在每个新句中给关系从句加下划线。
Gary, Indiana, where I was born, is a pleasant small city.
Gary, Indiana, where I was born, is a pleasant small city.（印第安纳州加里市是我出生的地方，是一座宜人的小城。）
I walked down the street where she lives.
I walked down the street where she lives.（我沿着她住的那条街走去。）
Christmas is a wonderful time of year when my entire family gathers together.
Christmas is a wonderful time of year when my entire family gathers together.（圣诞节是一年中全家团聚的美妙时节。）
There is the hospital where I was born.
There is the hospital where I was born.（那是我出生的医院。）
The book is in the living room where Ron is reading.
The book is in the living room where Ron is reading.（书在罗恩看书的客厅里。）
CHAPTER 12
第十二章
**12a. **In the following sentences, identify the functions of each underlined nominal clause. 12a. 在下面的句子中，标出每个加下划线的名词性从句的功能。
I know why you did that. Direct object
I know why you did that. Direct object（我知道你为什么那样做。直接宾语）
I can’t imagine what they will do next or who will do it. Compound direct object
I can’t imagine what they will do next or who will do it. Compound direct object（我无法想象他们下一步会做什么，或谁会去做。并列直接宾语）
When they arrive is unknown. Subject
When they arrive is unknown. Subject（他们何时到达尚不清楚。主语）
You already know that they don’t know the area well. *Direct * object
You already know that they don’t know the area well. Direct object（你已知道他们对这一带不熟。直接宾语）
Why they come here is a mystery. Subject
Why they come here is a mystery. Subject（他们为何来这里是个谜。主语）
The professor is writing a book about how people improve their writing. Object of a preposition
The professor is writing a book about how people improve their writing. Object of a preposition（教授在写一本关于人们如何提高写作水平的书。介词宾语）
Whether he will succeed is what we are all wondering. Subject and predicate nominative
Whether he will succeed is what we are all wondering. Subject and predicate nominative（他是否会成功是我们都想知道的。主语和表语）
He discussed why climate change is happening. Direct object
He discussed why climate change is happening. Direct object（他讨论了气候变化为何发生。直接宾语）
When he arrives, I will tell him when we are leaving. *Direct * object
When he arrives, I will tell him when we are leaving. Direct object（他到达时，我会告诉他我们何时离开。直接宾语）
12b. In the following sentences, underline the nominal clauses and then identify their functions in each sentence. 12b. 在下面的句子中，给名词性从句加下划线，然后标出它们在每句中的功能。
The statement summarizes what he is saying. Direct object
The statement summarizes what he is saying. Direct object（这份声明概括了他所说的话。直接宾语）
We will learn if tickets are still available. Direct object
We will learn if tickets are still available. Direct object（我们会了解门票是否还有。直接宾语）
When we will meet is the next topic. Subject
When we will meet is the next topic. Subject（我们何时见面是下一个话题。主语）
I have a question about who broke the equipment. *Object of * the preposition
I have a question about who broke the equipment. Object of the preposition（我有一个关于谁弄坏了设备的问题。介词宾语）
I will tell whoever is interested about the news. Direct object
I will tell whoever is interested about the news. Direct object（我会把消息告诉任何感兴趣的人。直接宾语）
I don’t know why he left. Direct object
I don’t know why he left. Direct object（我不知道他为何离开。直接宾语）
His claim was that he was abducted by aliens.* Predicate * nominativeHis wife made him what he is today. *Object * complementI don’t think that we should blame that on his wife. Direct object
His claim was that he was abducted by aliens. Predicate nominative His wife made him what he is today. Object complement I don’t think that we should blame that on his wife. Direct object（他声称自己被外星人绑架了。表语 他妻子把他塑造成了今天的样子。宾语补语 我认为我们不该把那归咎于他妻子。直接宾语）
We were taught that anything that is worth doing is worth doing well. [This is complicated: The underlined clause is a Direct object. But the shorter clause that is worth doing is a relative clause modifying anything.]
We were taught that anything that is worth doing is worth doing well. [This is complicated: The underlined clause is a Direct object. But the shorter clause that is worth doing is a relative clause modifying anything.]（我们被教导：任何值得做的事都值得做好。〔这较复杂：加下划线的从句是直接宾语。但较短的从句 that is worth doing 是修饰 anything 的关系从句。〕）
CHAPTER 13
第十三章
13a. In the following sentences, classify the underlined dependent clauses as either subordinate or nominal. 13a. 在下面的句子中，把加下划线的从属从句归类为从属（subordinate）或名词性（nominal）。
I will see if we have any milk. Nominal
I will see if we have any milk. Nominal（我要看看我们还有没有牛奶。名词性）
I will go to the store if we are out of milk. Subordinate
I will go to the store if we are out of milk. Subordinate（如果我们没有牛奶，我就去商店。从属）
Whether or not we are out of milk, I will go to the store. Subordinate
Whether or not we are out of milk, I will go to the store. Subordinate（不管有没有牛奶，我都会去商店。从属）
I wonder whether we are out of milk. Nominal
I wonder whether we are out of milk. Nominal（我想知道我们是不是没有牛奶了。名词性）
I go to the store when we are out of milk. Subordinate
I go to the store when we are out of milk. Subordinate（我们没有牛奶时我就去商店。从属）
I will know whether we are out of milk. Nominal
I will know whether we are out of milk. Nominal（我会知道我们是否没有牛奶了。名词性）
I can’t understand how we could be out of milk.* Nominal*
I can’t understand how we could be out of milk. Nominal（我无法理解我们怎么会没有牛奶。名词性）
I don’t know why we are out of milk. Nominal
I don’t know why we are out of milk. Nominal（我不知道我们为何没有牛奶。名词性）
Why we are out of milk is what I want to know. Nominal
Why we are out of milk is what I want to know. Nominal（我们为何没有牛奶是我想知道的。名词性）
I told you that we would run out of milk.* Nominal*** **
I told you that we would run out of milk. Nominal（我告诉过你我们会没有牛奶的。名词性）
13b. In this next set, identify the dependent clauses and classify them as either subordinate or nominal. 13b. 在下一组中，找出从属从句，并将其归类为从属或名词性。
Go see if Jim is here. Nominal
Go see if Jim is here. Nominal（去看看吉姆在不在。名词性）
We will start dinner if Jim is here. Subordinate
We will start dinner if Jim is here. Subordinate（如果吉姆在，我们就开饭。从属）
If Jim is here, we can have dinner. Subordinate
If Jim is here, we can have dinner. Subordinate（如果吉姆在，我们就能吃饭。从属）
If Jim is here is what I want to know. Two nominals
If Jim is here is what I want to know. Two nominals（“吉姆在不在”是我想知道的。两个名词性）
I need to know whether Jim has arrived. Nominal
I need to know whether Jim has arrived. Nominal（我需要知道吉姆是否到了。名词性）
Whether or not he has arrived, we will now have dinner. Subordinate
Whether or not he has arrived, we will now have dinner. Subordinate（不管他到没到，我们现在都吃饭。从属）
When Jim arrives, we will have dinner. Subordinate
When Jim arrives, we will have dinner. Subordinate（吉姆到达时，我们就吃饭。从属）
I know when Jim will arrive. Nominal.
I know when Jim will arrive. Nominal.（我知道吉姆何时到。名词性。）
Please tell me how we can have dinner if Jim is not here. Nominal and subordinate
Please tell me how we can have dinner if Jim is not here. Nominal and subordinate（请告诉我，如果吉姆不在，我们怎么吃饭。名词性和从属）
13c. Classify the underlined dependent clauses as either relative (adjectival) clauses or as nominal clauses: 13c. 把加下划线的从属从句归类为关系（形容词性）从句或名词性从句：
I know that she likes me. Nominal
I know that she likes me. Nominal（我知道她喜欢我。名词性）
That she likes me surprises me. Nominal
That she likes me surprises me. Nominal（她喜欢我让我惊讶。名词性）
That is the class that I want.* Relative*
That is the class that I want. Relative（那就是我想要上的课。关系）
That is the class that challenges me. Relative
That is the class that challenges me. Relative（那就是让我费劲的课。关系）
The people who like me are over there. *Relative *
The people who like me are over there. Relative（喜欢我的人在那边。关系）
I know who likes you. Nominal
I know who likes you. Nominal（我知道谁喜欢你。名词性）
What fascinates me is calculus. Nominal
What fascinates me is calculus. Nominal（让我着迷的是微积分。名词性）
We’ll learn why spring begins. Nominal
We’ll learn why spring begins. Nominal（我们会了解春天为何开始。名词性）
The day when spring begins is next week. Relative
The day when spring begins is next week. Relative（春天开始的日子是下周。关系）
I know the place where I can enroll. Relative
I know the place where I can enroll. Relative（我知道我能报名的地方。关系）
13d. Identify the dependent clauses in these sentences and classify them as relative (adjectival) clauses or nominal clauses: 13d. 找出这些句子中的从属从句，并将其归类为关系（形容词性）从句或名词性从句：
I know who that is. Nominal
I know who that is. Nominal（我知道那是谁。名词性）
I will take the book that is least expensive. Relative
I will take the book that is least expensive. Relative（我要拿最便宜的那本书。关系）
There is the fellow whom I’ve met before. Relative
There is the fellow whom I’ve met before. Relative（那就是我以前见过的那个家伙。关系）
I know whom you spoke with. Nominal
I know whom you spoke with. Nominal（我知道你和谁说了话。名词性）
There is the woman who hired me. Relative
There is the woman who hired me. Relative（那就是雇用我的女士。关系）
The dog that bit me is in that yard. Relative
The dog that bit me is in that yard. Relative（咬我的那只狗在那院子里。关系）
Who steals my purse steals my gum. Nominal
Who steals my purse steals my gum. Nominal（偷我钱包的人也偷我的口香糖。名词性）
I have learned what the answer is. Nominal
I have learned what the answer is. Nominal（我已经知道答案是什么了。名词性）
13e. Identify the dependent clauses in the following sentences and classify them as relative or as subordinate. Some sentences have two dependent clauses: 13e. 找出下列句子中的从属从句，并将其归类为关系或从属。有些句子有两个从属从句：
Because it is late, we will wait until tomorrow to see the movie that you want to see. Subordinate, Relative
Because it is late, we will wait until tomorrow to see the movie that you want to see. Subordinate, Relative（因为天晚了，我们等到明天再看你想看的那部电影。从属、关系）
When we saw The Martian, we enjoyed the story about the space traveler who is marooned alone on a planet. Subordinate, Relative
When we saw The Martian, we enjoyed the story about the space traveler who is marooned alone on a planet. Subordinate, Relative（我们看《火星救援》时，喜欢那个被独自困在行星上的太空旅行者的故事。从属、关系）
We were quite surprised by the film that we saw last night* * Relative
We were quite surprised by the film that we saw last night Relative（我们对昨晚看的那部电影相当惊讶。关系）
This is the theatre where we saw that film. Relative
This is the theatre where we saw that film. Relative（这就是我们看那部电影的剧院。关系）
Is this the time when the next film is shown? Relative
Is this the time when the next film is shown? Relative（这是下一部电影放映的时间吗？关系）
You should tell your friends when you see a good film. Subordinate
You should tell your friends when you see a good film. Subordinate（你看到好电影时应该告诉朋友。从属）
Where I come from, we have several good movie theatres. Subordinate
Where I come from, we have several good movie theatres. Subordinate（在我来的地方，我们有几家不错的电影院。从属）
13f. Finally, here’s an exercise that will help you bring together all the concepts in this chapter. Identify the dependent clauses in the following sentences and classify them as relative, as subordinate, or as nominal clauses: 13f. 最后，这里有一个练习，帮你汇总本章所有概念。找出下列句子中的从属从句，并将其归类为关系、从属或名词性从句：
The place that we call home is Peoria. Relative
The place that we call home is Peoria. Relative（我们称为家的地方是皮奥里亚。关系）
I must see if they are here. Nominal
I must see if they are here. Nominal（我必须看看他们是否在这里。名词性）
I know that they have arrived. Nominal
I know that they have arrived. Nominal（我知道他们已经到了。名词性）
I read an article about the accident that we saw yesterday. Relative
I read an article about the accident that we saw yesterday. Relative（我读了一篇关于我们昨天看到的事故的文章。关系）
We will see if the storm will hit. *Nominal *
We will see if the storm will hit. Nominal（我们看风暴是否会来袭。名词性）
If the storm hits, we will be ready. Subordinate
If the storm hits, we will be ready. Subordinate（如果风暴来袭，我们会有准备。从属）
I know the time when they will arrive. Relative
I know the time when they will arrive. Relative（我知道他们到达的时间。关系）
The town where I was born is very small. Relative
The town where I was born is very small. Relative（我出生的城镇很小。关系）
I wonder where he was born. Nominal
I wonder where he was born. Nominal（我想知道他出生在哪里。名词性）
I will go to the airport when he arrives. Subordinate
I will go to the airport when he arrives. Subordinate（他到达时我会去机场。从属）
Whether we want to go or not, we must be at the airport. Subordinate
Whether we want to go or not, we must be at the airport. Subordinate（不管我们想不想去，我们都必须在机场。从属）
I do not know whether he will be on the plane. Nominal
I do not know whether he will be on the plane. Nominal（我不知道他是否会在飞机上。名词性）
CHAPTER 14
第十四章
**14a. **Rewrite the following passive-voice sentences as active-voice sentences, as in this example: 14a. 把下列被动语态句子改写为主动语态句子，如下例：
PASSIVE: I was given a prescription by my doctor. ACTIVE: My doctor gave me a prescription last night. PASSIVE: I was given a prescription by my doctor. ACTIVE: My doctor gave me a prescription last night.（被动：我的医生给了我一张处方。主动：我的医生昨晚给了我一张处方。）
Your letter was received by me. ACTIVE: I received your letter.
Your letter was received by me. ACTIVE: I received your letter.（你的信被我收到了。主动：我收到了你的信。）
I was made happy by your letter. ACTIVE: Your letter made me happy.
I was made happy by your letter. ACTIVE: Your letter made me happy.（我因你的信而快乐。主动：你的信让我快乐。）
I was given instructions today by my supervisor. ACTIVE: My supervisor gave me instructions today.
I was given instructions today by my supervisor. ACTIVE: My supervisor gave me instructions today.（今天我被主管指示了。主动：我主管今天给了我指示。）
My last essay was given a C by my English teacher. ACTIVE: My English teacher gave my last essay a C.
My last essay was given a C by my English teacher. ACTIVE: My English teacher gave my last essay a C.（我上一篇作文被英语老师给了C。主动：我的英语老师给我上一篇作文打了C。）
I was seen at the mall by Cheryl. ACTIVE: Cheryl saw me at the mall.
I was seen at the mall by Cheryl. ACTIVE: Cheryl saw me at the mall.（我在商场被谢丽尔看见了。主动：谢丽尔在商场看见了我。）
The mail was delivered by the postman at noon. ACTIVE: The postman delivered the mail at noon.
The mail was delivered by the postman at noon. ACTIVE: The postman delivered the mail at noon.（邮件中午被邮递员送到了。主动：邮递员中午送了邮件。）
After the symphony was played beautifully by the orchestra, the composer was praised by the critics. ACTIVE: After the orchestra played the symphony beautifully, the critics praised the composer.
After the symphony was played beautifully by the orchestra, the composer was praised by the critics. ACTIVE: After the orchestra played the symphony beautifully, the critics praised the composer.（交响乐被乐队演奏得很美之后，作曲家被评论家赞扬了。主动：乐队把交响乐演奏得很美之后，评论家赞扬了作曲家。）
14b. In the passive sentences above, locate, underline, and identify the passive complements: the direct object (DO), the predicate adjective (PA), and the predicate nominate (PN), as in this example: 14b. 在上面这些被动句中，找出、加下划线并标出被动补语：直接宾语（DO）、谓语形容词（PA）和表语（PN），如下例：
DO PASSIVE: I was given a prescription by my doctor last night. DO（直接宾语） PASSIVE: I was given a prescription by my doctor last night.（被动：昨晚我的医生给了我一张处方。）
No complement 1. Your letter was received by me. PA 2. I was made happy by your letter. DO 3. I was given instructions today by my supervisor. DO 4. My last essay was given a C by my English teacher. No complement 5. I was seen at the mall by Cheryl. No complement 6. The mail was delivered by the postman at noon. No complement 7. After the symphony was played beautifully by the orchestra, the composer was praised by the critics. No complement（无补语） 1. Your letter was received by me.（你的信被我收到了。） PA（谓语形容词） 2. I was made happy by your letter.（我因你的信而快乐。） DO（直接宾语） 3. I was given instructions today by my supervisor.（今天我被主管指示了。） DO（直接宾语） 4. My last essay was given a C by my English teacher.（我上一篇作文被英语老师给了C。） No complement（无补语） 5. I was seen at the mall by Cheryl.（我在商场被谢丽尔看见了。） No complement（无补语） 6. The mail was delivered by the postman at noon.（邮件中午被邮递员送到了。） No complement（无补语） 7. After the symphony was played beautifully by the orchestra, the composer was praised by the critics.（交响乐被乐队演奏得很美之后，作曲家被评论家赞扬了。）
14c. Distinguish phrasal verbs from verbs followed by prepositional phrases, as in these examples: 14c. 区分短语动词与后接介词短语的动词，如下例：
I’ll turn on the television. [Phrasal verb] I’ll turn on the television. [Phrasal verb]（我要打开电视。〔短语动词〕）
That new car can turn on a dime. [Verb and prepositional phrase] That new car can turn on a dime. [Verb and prepositional phrase]（那辆新车能在极小的范围内转弯。〔动词加介词短语〕）
We’ll turn off the highway at the next exit. [Verb and prepositional phrase] Please turn off the radio. [Phrasal verb]
We’ll turn off the highway at the next exit. [Verb and prepositional phrase]（我们会在下个出口驶离高速。〔动词加介词短语〕） Please turn off the radio. [Phrasal verb]（请关掉收音机。〔短语动词〕）
The news comes on at 10 pm. [Phrasal verb] The gifts came on Christmas Eve. [Verb and prepositional phrase]
The news comes on at 10 pm. [Phrasal verb]（新闻晚上10点开始播出。〔短语动词〕） The gifts came on Christmas Eve. [Verb and prepositional phrase]（礼物在圣诞夜送到。〔动词加介词短语〕）
The pumpkin turned into a beautiful coach. [Phrasal verb] We’ll turn into this driveway. [Verb and prepositional phrase]
The pumpkin turned into a beautiful coach. [Phrasal verb]（南瓜变成了一辆漂亮的马车。〔短语动词〕） We’ll turn into this driveway. [Verb and prepositional phrase]（我们会拐进这条车道。〔动词加介词短语〕）
They took the dresser up the stairs. [Verb and prepositional phrase] We will now take up the collection. [Phrasal verb]
They took the dresser up the stairs. [Verb and prepositional phrase]（他们把梳妆台搬上楼。〔动词加介词短语〕） We will now take up the collection. [Phrasal verb]（我们现在开始募捐。〔短语动词〕）
He called out to her before she drove away. [Phrasal verb] He called out the window. [Verb and prepositional phrase]
He called out to her before she drove away. [Phrasal verb]（她开车走之前他朝她喊。〔短语动词〕） He called out the window. [Verb and prepositional phrase]（他从窗户探出头来喊。〔动词加介词短语〕）
CHAPTER 15
第十五章
15a. What’s the difference in writing between regular plural nouns, possessive nouns, and plural possessive nouns? Write an example that illustrates each category, using words that have regular plurals. 15a. 普通复数名词、所有格名词和复数所有格名词在书写上有什么区别？用有规则复数的词，写出说明每一类的例子。
For example: cats, cat’s, and cats’. For example: cats, cat’s, and cats’.（例如：cats（猫，复数）、cat’s（猫的）、cats’（猫们的）。）
Regular plurals take only –s, possessives take an apostrophe followed by –s, and plural possessives take –s, followed by an apostrophe. Regular plurals take only –s, possessives take an apostrophe followed by –s, and plural possessives take –s, followed by an apostrophe.（普通复数只加 –s，所有格加撇号再加 –s，复数所有格加 –s 后再加撇号。）
15b. Write plural, singular possessive, and plural possessive forms of the following nouns: woman, ox, church, tomato, piano, * medium (e.g., the medium of TV), boss, and octopus*. 15b. 写出下列名词的复数、单数所有格和复数所有格形式：woman、ox、church、tomato、piano、medium（例如 the medium of TV）、boss 和 octopus。
Singular Plural Singular Possessive Plural Possessive Singular Plural Singular Possessive Plural Possessive（单数 复数 单数所有格 复数所有格）
woman ox church tomato piano medium boss octopus women oxen churches tomatoes pianos media bosses octopi woman’s ox’s church’s tomato’s piano’s medium’s boss’s octopus’s women’s oxen’s churches’ tomatoes’ pianos’ media’s bosses’ octopi’s woman ox church tomato piano medium boss octopus（女人 牛 教堂 番茄 钢琴 媒介 老板 章鱼） women oxen churches tomatoes pianos media bosses octopi（女人们 牛〔复〕 教堂〔复〕 番茄〔复〕 钢琴〔复〕 媒介〔复〕 老板们 章鱼〔复〕） woman’s ox’s church’s tomato’s piano’s medium’s boss’s octopus’s（女人的 牛的 教堂的 番茄的 钢琴的 媒介的 老板的 章鱼的） women’s oxen’s churches’ tomatoes’ pianos’ media’s bosses’ octopi’s（女人们的 牛们的 教堂的 番茄们的 钢琴们的 媒介的 老板们的 章鱼们的）
15c. In the following sentences, identify the sentences that contain nouns of address, appositives, and expletives, and underline those structures. In sentences with expletives, identify the subject of the sentence. A sentence may contain more than one of these structures. In some cases, the function of the phrase may not be clear within the limited context. 15c. 在下面的句子中，找出含有呼语、同位语和虚词的句子，并给这些结构加下划线。在含虚词的句子中，标出句子的主语。一个句子可能含有不止一种这类结构。有些情况下，在有限语境中短语的功能可能不清楚。
Dr. Kildare, you can speak with my assistant. [Noun of address]
Dr. Kildare, you can speak with my assistant. [Noun of address]（基尔达医生，你可以和我的助手谈。〔呼语〕）
June, speak with my physician, Dr. Kildare. [Noun of address and appositive]
June, speak with my physician, Dr. Kildare. [Noun of address and appositive]（琼，和我的医生基尔达医生谈。〔呼语和同位语〕）
Your brother, Alice, is remarkable. [Noun of address, unless Alice is your brother’s name]
Your brother, Alice, is remarkable. [Noun of address, unless Alice is your brother’s name]（你弟弟，爱丽丝，真了不起。〔呼语，除非 Alice 是你弟弟的名字〕）
There is rain forecast for tomorrow. [Expletive, and rain is the subject]
There is rain forecast for tomorrow. [Expletive, and rain is the subject]（预报明天有雨。〔虚词，rain 是主语〕）
It is clear that Ed is a menace. [Expletive: The nominal clause that Ed is a menace is the subject.]
It is clear that Ed is a menace. [Expletive: The nominal clause that Ed is a menace is the subject.]（显然埃德是个祸害。〔虚词：名词性从句 that Ed is a menace 是主语。〕）
CHAPTER 16
第十六章
16a. Write from memory the eight parts of speech. Then define them and check your work by referring to the early pages of this chapter. 16a. 凭记忆写出八种词性。然后给它们下定义，并参考本章开头核对你的答案。
Nouns: Words that stand for persons, places, things, or ideas. Nouns:（**名词：**表示人、地点、事物或观念的词。）
Pronouns: Words that take the place of nouns. Pronouns:（**代词：**代替名词的词。）
Adjectives: Words that modify nouns or pronouns. Adjectives:（**形容词：**修饰名词或代词的词。）
Verbs: Words that indicate an action or a state of being. Verbs:（**动词：**表示动作或存在状态的词。）
Adverbs: Words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Adverbs:（**副词：**修饰动词、形容词或其他副词的词。）
Conjunctions: Words that connect phrases and clauses to other phrases or clauses, indicating some grammatical relationship between the connected units. Conjunctions:（**连词：**把短语和从句与其他短语或从句连接起来的词，表示被连接单位之间的某种语法关系。）
Prepositions: Words that connect a noun or pronoun (the object of the preposition) with other words in the sentence to create adjectival or adverbial phrases. Prepositions:（**介词：**把名词或代词（介词宾语）与句中其他词连接，构成形容词性或副词性短语的词。）
Interjections: Exclamatory words and phrases used to express feelings and reactions. Interjections:（**感叹词：**用来表达情感和反应的感叹性词语。）
16b. In the following sentences, use context to identify the form and function of the underlined words. 16b. 在下面的句子中，用语境判断加下划线词的词形和功能。
In the increasingly chaotic country, university students are revolting. Form: A verb (present participle). Function: The main verb.
In the increasingly chaotic country, university students are revolting. Form: A verb (present participle). Function: The main verb.（在这个日益混乱的国家，大学生们在造反。 **词形：**动词（现在分词）。**功能：**主动词。）
Defend them if you like, but I’m tired of these revolting students. Form: A verb (present participle). Function: Adjectival, modifying students.
Defend them if you like, but I’m tired of these revolting students. Form: A verb (present participle). Function: Adjectival, modifying students.（如果你愿意就为他们辩护，但我受够这些令人反感的学生了。 **词形：**动词（现在分词）。**功能：**形容词性，修饰 students。）
We were jogging around the block. Form: A verb (present participle). Function: The main verb.
We were jogging around the block. Form: A verb (present participle). Function: The main verb.（我们在街区周围慢跑。 **词形：**动词（现在分词）。**功能：**主动词。）
All of us enjoy jogging. Form: A verb (present participle). Function: Nominal, as the direct object of enjoy.
All of us enjoy jogging. Form: A verb (present participle). Function: Nominal, as the direct object of enjoy.（我们都喜欢慢跑。 **词形：**动词（现在分词）。**功能：**名词性，作 enjoy 的直接宾语。）
He will replace the shattered lamp. Form: A verb (past participle). Function: Adjectival, modifying lamp.
He will replace the shattered lamp. Form: A verb (past participle). Function: Adjectival, modifying lamp.（他会换掉那盏碎了的灯。 **词形：**动词（过去分词）。**功能：**形容词性，修饰 lamp。）
He shattered it accidentally. Form: A verb (past participle). Function: The main verb.
He shattered it accidentally. Form: A verb (past participle). Function: The main verb.（他不小心把它打碎了。 **词形：**动词（过去分词）。**功能：**主动词。）
This rose bud is for you. Form: A preposition. Function: Part of the adverbial prepositional phrase *for * you.
This rose bud is for you. Form: A preposition. Function: Part of the adverbial prepositional phrase for you.（这玫瑰花蕾是给你的。 **词形：**介词。**功能：**副词性介词短语 for you 的一部分。）
I gave you a rose bud, for I care about you. Form: A coordinating conjunction. Function: Joining two independent clauses.
I gave you a rose bud, for I care about you. Form: A coordinating conjunction. Function: Joining two independent clauses.（我给了你一朵玫瑰花蕾，因为我在乎你。 **词形：**并列连词。**功能：**连接两个独立从句。）
I wanted to get you more, but I couldn’t afford it. Form: A coordinating conjunction. Function: Joining two independent clauses.
I wanted to get you more, but I couldn’t afford it. Form: A coordinating conjunction. Function: Joining two independent clauses.（我想给你更多，但我买不起。 **词形：**并列连词。**功能：**连接两个独立从句。）
I bought you nothing but this rose bud. Form: A preposition, synonymous with except. Function: Part of the adjectival prepositional phrase *but * this rose bud.
I bought you nothing but this rose bud. Form: A preposition, synonymous with except. Function: Part of the adjectival prepositional phrase but this rose bud.（我除了这朵玫瑰花蕾什么也没给你买。 **词形：**介词，同义于 except。**功能：**形容词性介词短语 but this rose bud 的一部分。）
CHAPTER 17
第十七章
17a. Identify the functions of the underlined gerunds in these sentences: 17a. 标出这些句子中加下划线动名词的功能：
Farming is his business. Subject
Farming is his business. Subject（耕种是他的生意。主语）
His business is farming. Predicate nominative
His business is farming. Predicate nominative（他的生意是耕种。表语）
He likes farming. Direct object
He likes farming. Direct object（他喜欢耕种。直接宾语）
He likes raising corn and soy beans. Compound direct object
He likes raising corn and soy beans. Compound direct object（他喜欢种玉米和大豆。并列直接宾语）
He will stay with farming. Object of the preposition
He will stay with farming. Object of the preposition（他会继续耕种。介词宾语）
His profession, raising corn and soy beans, is a difficult one. Compound appositive
His profession, raising corn and soy beans, is a difficult one. Compound appositive（他的职业——种玉米和大豆——是件难事。并列同位语）
17b. Now locate the gerunds in the following and identify their functions. 17b. 现在找出下面句子中的动名词，并标出它们的功能。
[In these answers the gerund phrases, with modifiers and complements, are underlined.] [In these answers the gerund phrases, with modifiers and complements, are underlined.]（〔在这些答案中，带修饰语和补语的动名词短语加了下划线。〕）
His hobby is biking. Predicate nominative
His hobby is biking. Predicate nominative（他的爱好是骑自行车。表语）
Biking is his hobby. Subject
Biking is his hobby. Subject（骑自行车是他的爱好。主语）
He is interested in biking. Object of a preposition
He is interested in biking. Object of a preposition（他对骑自行车感兴趣。介词宾语）
His hobby, biking, is a popular one. Appositive
His hobby, biking, is a popular one. Appositive（他的爱好——骑自行车——很普及。同位语）
Biking ten miles a day is a challenge. Subject
Biking ten miles a day is a challenge. Subject（一天骑十英里是个挑战。主语）
His goal is biking ten miles a day. Predicate nominative
His goal is biking ten miles a day. Predicate nominative（他的目标是每天骑十英里。表语）
He makes time for biking ten miles a day. *Object of a * preposition
He makes time for biking ten miles a day. Object of a preposition（他抽时间每天骑十英里。介词宾语）
She likes being a patrol officer. Direct object
She likes being a patrol officer. Direct object（她喜欢当巡警。直接宾语）
Being a patrol officer is her ideal job. Subject
Being a patrol officer is her ideal job. Subject（当巡警是她理想的工作。主语）
**17c. **Using the guidelines above, classify the gerunds and progressive verbs in the underlined portions of these sentences: 17c. 用上面的准则，把下列句子中加下划线部分的动名词和进行时态动词归类：
Breathing very cold air can be painful. Gerund
Breathing very cold air can be painful. Gerund（呼吸很冷的空气会疼。动名词）
I love baking cookies. Gerund
I love baking cookies. Gerund（我爱烤饼干。动名词）
He found much joy in singing. Gerund
He found much joy in singing. Gerund（他从唱歌中找到很多乐趣。动名词）
He was singing all the time. Progressive tense verb
He was singing all the time. Progressive tense verb（他一直在唱歌。进行时态动词）
You learn a lot from reading books. Gerund
You learn a lot from reading books. Gerund（你从读书中学到很多。动名词）
When you are driving, time passes quickly. *Progressive * tense verb
When you are driving, time passes quickly. Progressive tense verb（你开车时，时间过得快。进行时态动词）
17d. Do the same thing in the following sentences, in which the gerunds and progressive-tense verbs are not marked for you: 17d. 对下面的句子做同样的事，其中动名词和进行时态动词没有为你标出：
He made a career of programming computers. Gerund
He made a career of programming computers. Gerund（他把编程序当成了职业。动名词）
I was programming computers. Progressive tense verb
I was programming computers. Progressive tense verb（我当时在编程序。进行时态动词）
Programming is my job. Gerund
Programming is my job. Gerund（编程是我的工作。动名词）
I love juggling. Gerund
I love juggling. Gerund（我爱耍杂耍。动名词）
I am juggling all the time. Progressive tense verb
I am juggling all the time. Progressive tense verb（我一直在耍杂耍。进行时态动词）
Juggling is what I love to do. Gerund
Juggling is what I love to do. Gerund（耍杂耍是我爱做的事。动名词）
Once my hobby was juggling. Gerund
Once my hobby was juggling. Gerund（曾经我的爱好是耍杂耍。动名词）
**17e. **Using the guidelines above, classify the underlined portions of these sentences as participles, as perfect tense verbs, or as progressive tense verbs. 17e. 用上面的准则，把下列句子加下划线部分归类为分词、完成时态动词或进行时态动词。
Bob was sleeping for hours. Progressive tense verb
Bob was sleeping for hours. Progressive tense verb（鲍勃睡了几个小时。进行时态动词）
Bob, driven to exhaustion, had to rest. Participle
Bob, driven to exhaustion, had to rest. Participle（鲍勃被逼到筋疲力尽，不得不休息。分词）
Martha has driven Bob to work all week. Perfect tense verb
Martha has driven Bob to work all week. Perfect tense verb（玛莎整个星期都开车送鲍勃上班。完成时态动词）
Swimming laps, Bob begins his day briskly. Participle
Swimming laps, Bob begins his day briskly. Participle（游了几圈泳，鲍勃精神抖擞地开始一天。分词）
Bob, biking for miles, was exhausted. Participle
Bob, biking for miles, was exhausted. Participle（鲍勃骑了数英里车，疲惫不堪。分词）
Exhausted, Bob nevertheless became intrigued. *Participle * and participle
Exhausted, Bob nevertheless became intrigued. Participle and participle（尽管筋疲力尽，鲍勃还是被吸引住了。分词和分词）
Driving to work, Martha saw a red fox. Participle
Driving to work, Martha saw a red fox. Participle（开车上班时，玛莎看到一只红狐。分词）
**17f. **Do the same thing in the following sentences, in which the participles and verbs are not marked for you: 17f. 对下面的句子做同样的事，其中分词和动词没有为你标出：
Snoring loudly, Susan slept through her history class. Participle
Snoring loudly, Susan slept through her history class. Participle（苏珊大声打着鼾，睡过了历史课。分词）
Susan was snoring loudly in Calculus. *Progressive-tense * verb
Susan was snoring loudly in Calculus. Progressive-tense verb（苏珊在微积分课上大声打鼾。进行时态动词）
Driven mad by the noise, Claude threw everything in sight. Participle
Driven mad by the noise, Claude threw everything in sight. Participle（被噪音逼疯，克劳德把眼前的一切都扔了。分词）
Claude had not slept for two days. Perfect-tense verb
Claude had not slept for two days. Perfect-tense verb（克劳德两天没睡了。完成时态动词）
Claude appeared worn and worried. Participle and participle
Claude appeared worn and worried. Participle and participle（克劳德显得疲惫又担忧。分词和分词）
Playing the sax, Al woke up the neighbors. Participle
Playing the sax, Al woke up the neighbors. Participle（吹着萨克斯，阿尔吵醒了邻居。分词）
Written for Susan, the instructions ordered her to drop her history class. Participle
Written for Susan, the instructions ordered her to drop her history class. Participle（这些为苏珊写的指示命令她退掉历史课。分词）
**17g. **Using the guidelines discussed in this chapter, classify the underlined portions of the following sentences as gerunds, as participles, as perfect-tense verbs, or as progressive tense verbs. 17g. 用本章讨论的准则，把下列句子加下划线部分归类为动名词、分词、完成时态动词或进行时态动词。
His hobby is reading Shakespeare. Gerund
His hobby is reading Shakespeare. Gerund（他的爱好是读莎士比亚。动名词）
He is always reading Shakespeare. Progressive tense verb
He is always reading Shakespeare. Progressive tense verb（他总在读莎士比亚。进行时态动词）
Reading Shakespeare aloud, he entranced the audience. Participle.
Reading Shakespeare aloud, he entranced the audience. Participle.（大声朗读莎士比亚，他迷住了听众。分词。）
Alicia, reading Shakespeare, ignored the speaker. Participle
Alicia, reading Shakespeare, ignored the speaker. Participle（爱丽丝娅读着莎士比亚，无视演讲者。分词）
Driving at night can be dangerous. Gerund
Driving at night can be dangerous. Gerund（夜间开车可能危险。动名词）
I don’t like driving at night. Gerund
I don’t like driving at night. Gerund（我不喜欢夜间开车。动名词）
Driving late at night, Ed was exhausted. Participle
Driving late at night, Ed was exhausted. Participle（深夜开车，埃德筋疲力尽。分词）
Exhausted, Ed drove on. Participle
Exhausted, Ed drove on. Participle（筋疲力尽，埃德继续开车。分词）
Ed was driving three nights a week. Progressive tense verb
Ed was driving three nights a week. Progressive tense verb（埃德一周有三个晚上在开车。进行时态动词）
He has exhausted himself with the driving. *Perfect tense * verb
He has exhausted himself with the driving. Perfect tense verb（开车把他累坏了。完成时态动词）
**17h. **In these sentences, the gerunds, participles, and verbs are not marked for you. Locate and classify the gerunds, participles, perfect tense verbs, and progressive tense verbs: 17h. 在这些句子中，动名词、分词和动词没有为你标出。找出并归类动名词、分词、完成时态动词和进行时态动词：
Seen through the window, the room was a mess. Participle
Seen through the window, the room was a mess. Participle（透过窗户看，房间一团糟。分词）
We have seen the traffic through the window. *Perfect tense * verb
We have seen the traffic through the window. Perfect tense verb（我们透过窗户看到了车流。完成时态动词）
My hobby is playing the tuba. Gerund
My hobby is playing the tuba. Gerund（我的爱好是吹大号。动名词）
Bob is playing the tuba. Progressive tense verb
Bob is playing the tuba. Progressive tense verb（鲍勃在吹大号。进行时态动词）
Playing the tuba, Bob disturbed the library patrons. Participle
Playing the tuba, Bob disturbed the library patrons. Participle（吹着大号，鲍勃打扰了图书馆读者。分词）
Feeling sick, Gloria went home. Participle
Feeling sick, Gloria went home. Participle（觉得不舒服，格洛丽亚回家了。分词）
Gloria was feeling sick. Progressive tense verb
Gloria was feeling sick. Progressive tense verb（格洛丽亚当时觉得不舒服。进行时态动词）
Her remarks were about reading Poe. Gerund
Her remarks were about reading Poe. Gerund（她的评论是关于读爱伦·坡的。动名词）
Sailing on the lake is Cal’s hobby. Gerund
Sailing on the lake is Cal’s hobby. Gerund（在湖上航行是卡尔的爱好。动名词）
I like sailing on the lake. Gerund
I like sailing on the lake. Gerund（我喜欢在湖上航行。动名词）
I am sailing again this summer. Progressive tense verb
I am sailing again this summer. Progressive tense verb（今年夏天我又要去航行了。进行时态动词）
CHAPTER 18
第十八章
**18a. **Identify the function of the nominal infinitives in these sentences: 18a. 标出这些句子中名词性不定式的功能：
To become a star was her adolescent dream. Subject
To become a star was her adolescent dream. Subject（成为明星是她少年时的梦想。主语）
She wants to become a star. Direct object
She wants to become a star. Direct object（她想成为明星。直接宾语）
Her dream, to become a star, may never come true. Appositive
Her dream, to become a star, may never come true. Appositive（她的梦想——成为明星——也许永远不会实现。同位语）
To live is to dream. *Subject *and predicate nominative
To live is to dream. Subject and predicate nominative（活着就是做梦。主语和表语）
To know him is to love him. *Subject *and *predicate * nominative
To know him is to love him. Subject and predicate nominative（了解他就等于爱他。主语和表语）
I’d like him to do the project. Direct object
I’d like him to do the project. Direct object（我想让他做这个项目。直接宾语）
He’ll ask her to help. Direct object
He’ll ask her to help. Direct object（他会请她帮忙。直接宾语）
I’m hoping for them to succeed. Object of a preposition
I’m hoping for them to succeed. Object of a preposition（我希望他们成功。介词宾语）
18b. Locate the nominal infinitive phrases in these sentences and identify their functions: 18b. 找出这些句子中的名词性不定式短语，并标出它们的功能：
I need to get some water. Direct object
I need to get some water. Direct object（我需要弄点水。直接宾语）
To succeed requires hard work. Subject
To succeed requires hard work. Subject（成功需要努力。主语）
To discipline yourself means to make sacrifices. Subject and predicate nominative
To discipline yourself means to make sacrifices. Subject and predicate nominative（约束自己意味着作出牺牲。主语和表语）
He explained his goal, to become fluent in German. Appositive
He explained his goal, to become fluent in German. Appositive（他解释了他的目标——流利地说德语。同位语）
He wants to see me in the morning. Direct object
He wants to see me in the morning. Direct object（他想早上见我。直接宾语）
It won’t be hard for him to see me then. *Object of a * preposition
It won’t be hard for him to see me then. Object of a preposition（那时他见我不会难。介词宾语）
Would you like to see me, too? Direct object
Would you like to see me, too? Direct object（你也想见我吗？直接宾语）
There’s time for me to see you. Object of a preposition
There’s time for me to see you. Object of a preposition（我有时间见你。介词宾语）
18c. Identify the functions of the adjectival infinitives in these sentences: What words do they modify? 18c. 标出这些句子中形容词性不定式的功能：它们修饰哪些词？
I have the tools to get the job done. [Modifies tools]
I have the tools to get the job done. [Modifies tools]（我有完成工作的工具。〔修饰 tools〕）
Time to use the tools is what I need now. [Modifies Time]
Time to use the tools is what I need now. [Modifies Time]（现在用工具的时间是我需要的。〔修饰 Time〕）
Something to open the tool packages would be handy now. [Modifies Something]
Something to open the tool packages would be handy now. [Modifies Something]（现在有个打开工具包的东西会很方便。〔修饰 Something〕）
A scissors to open this would be helpful. [Modifies scissors]
A scissors to open this would be helpful. [Modifies scissors]（有把剪开这个的剪刀会有帮助。〔修饰 scissors〕）
I could help if I had some dynamite to open this. [Modifies dynamite]
I could help if I had some dynamite to open this. [Modifies dynamite]（如果我有炸药炸开这个，我就能帮忙。〔修饰 dynamite〕）
I need a screwdriver to loosen this. [Modifies screwdriver]
I need a screwdriver to loosen this. [Modifies screwdriver]（我需要一把拧开这个的螺丝刀。〔修饰 screwdriver〕）
A screwdriver to loosen this would help. [Modifies screwdriver]
A screwdriver to loosen this would help. [Modifies screwdriver]（一把拧开这个的螺丝刀会有帮助。〔修饰 screwdriver〕）
The tool I need, a screwdriver to loosen this, is not here. [Modifies screwdriver]
The tool I need, a screwdriver to loosen this, is not here. [Modifies screwdriver]（我需要的工具——一把拧开这个的螺丝刀——不在这里。〔修饰 screwdriver〕）
18d. Locate the adjectival infinitives in these sentences and identify the words they modify: 18d. 找出这些句子中的形容词性不定式，并标出它们所修饰的词：
Every day we send letters, urgent messages to complain about the service. [Modifies messages]
Every day we send letters, urgent messages to complain about the service. [Modifies messages]（我们每天发信，以及投诉服务的紧急消息。〔修饰 messages〕）
She bought me a carry-on bag to take on my trip. [Modifies bag]
She bought me a carry-on bag to take on my trip. [Modifies bag]（她给我买了一个旅行用的随身包。〔修饰 bag〕）
Someone to guide me on the way would be helpful. [Modifies someone]
Someone to guide me on the way would be helpful. [Modifies someone]（路上有人给我带路会很有帮助。〔修饰 someone〕）
I found someone to guide you. [Modifies someone]
I found someone to guide you. [Modifies someone]（我找到了给你带路的人。〔修饰 someone〕）
To relax, he needed a book to interest him. [Modifies book]
To relax, he needed a book to interest him. [Modifies book]（为了放松，他需要一本让他感兴趣的书。〔修饰 book〕）
All she asked for was a book to read, a place in which to stay warm, and something to eat. [Modifies, in order, *book, * *which, *and something]
All she asked for was a book to read, a place in which to stay warm, and something to eat. [Modifies, in order, book, which, and something]（她所求的不过是一本可读的书、一个保暖的地方和一点吃的东西。〔依次修饰 book、which 和 something〕）
18e. Identify the functions of the adverbial infinitives in these sentences: What words do they modify? 18e. 标出这些句子中副词性不定式的功能：它们修饰哪些词？
To relax, he sang. [Modifies sang]
To relax, he sang. [Modifies sang]（为了放松，他唱了歌。〔修饰 sang〕）
He read the book to please his daughter. [Modifies read]
He read the book to please his daughter. [Modifies read]（他读那本书为了让女儿高兴。〔修饰 read〕）
To please his daughter, he read the book. [Modifies read]
To please his daughter, he read the book. [Modifies read]（为了让女儿高兴，他读了那本书。〔修饰 read〕）
To become a fireman, the young man studied and trained. [Modifies studied and trained]
To become a fireman, the young man studied and trained. [Modifies studied and trained]（为了成为消防员，那个年轻人学习和训练。〔修饰 studied and trained〕）
The young man studied and trained to become a fireman. [Modifies studied and trained]
The young man studied and trained to become a fireman. [Modifies studied and trained]（那个年轻人学习和训练以成为消防员。〔修饰 studied and trained〕）
He was eager to become a fireman. [Modifies eager]
He was eager to become a fireman. [Modifies eager]（他渴望成为消防员。〔修饰 eager〕）
We were happy to help him. [Modifies happy]
We were happy to help him. [Modifies happy]（我们乐于帮他。〔修饰 happy〕）
He was careful to speak with me beforehand. [Modifies careful]
He was careful to speak with me beforehand. [Modifies careful]（他事先谨慎地和我谈了。〔修饰 careful〕）
18f. Yet again, locate the adverbial infinitives here and identify the words they modify: 18f. 再一次，找出这里的副词性不定式，并标出它们所修饰的词：
You need a telescope to be an astronomer. [Modifies need]
You need a telescope to be an astronomer. [Modifies need]（你需要望远镜才能当天文学家。〔修饰 need〕）
He was ready to be an astronomer. [Modifies ready]
He was ready to be an astronomer. [Modifies ready]（他准备好当天文学家了。〔修饰 ready〕）
She was determined to be an astronomer. [Modifies determined]
She was determined to be an astronomer. [Modifies determined]（她决心当天文学家。〔修饰 determined〕）
Eager to play ball, the team waited. [Modifies eager]
Eager to play ball, the team waited. [Modifies eager]（渴望打球，球队等着。〔修饰 eager〕）
Happy to see her friend, Julie cried. [Modifies Happy]
Happy to see her friend, Julie cried. [Modifies Happy]（见到朋友很高兴，朱莉哭了。〔修饰 Happy〕）
Reluctant to go, the children fidgeted. [Modifies children]
Reluctant to go, the children fidgeted. [Modifies children]（不愿走，孩子们坐立不安。〔修饰 children〕）
We were sorry to leave. [Modifies sorry]
We were sorry to leave. [Modifies sorry]（我们抱歉离开。〔修饰 sorry〕）
She rose to leave. [Modifies rose]
She rose to leave. [Modifies rose]（她起身离开。〔修饰 rose〕）
**18g. **Identify all the infinitive phrases, with complements and modifiers, in these sentences and classify them as nominal, adjectival, or adverbial: 18g. 找出这些句子中的所有不定式短语（含补语和修饰语），并将其归类为名词性、形容词性或副词性：
That child needs me to look after her. [nominal and a *direct * object]
That child needs me to look after her. [nominal and a direct object]（那个孩子需要我照顾她。〔名词性和直接宾语〕）
To succeed, you have to work hard. [To succeed is adverbial; to work hard is a direct object]
To succeed, you have to work hard. [To succeed is adverbial; to work hard is a direct object]（要成功，你必须努力。〔To succeed 是副词性；to work hard 是直接宾语〕）
I’m looking for a place to sit down. [Adjectival, modifying place]
I’m looking for a place to sit down. [Adjectival, modifying place]（我在找个坐下地方。〔形容词性，修饰 place〕）
To be blunt, I will say that I’m angry at you. [Adverbial, modifying will say]
To be blunt, I will say that I’m angry at you. [Adverbial, modifying will say]（坦白说，我要说我对你很生气。〔副词性，修饰 will say〕）
He is trying to impress his boss. [Nominal, and a *direct * object]
He is trying to impress his boss. [Nominal, and a direct object]（他想给老板留下好印象。〔名词性，和直接宾语〕）
I am not here to impress anyone. [*Adverbial, *modifying am]
I am not here to impress anyone. [*Adverbial, *modifying am]（我在这里不是为了给谁留下印象。〔副词性，修饰 am〕）
His reason, to impress his boss, is sufficient. [*Nominal, *and an appositive]
His reason, to impress his boss, is sufficient. [Nominal, and an appositive]（他的理由——给老板留好印象——是充分的。〔名词性，和同位语〕）
His goal is to impress his boss. [nominal and a *predicate * nominative]
His goal is to impress his boss. [nominal and a predicate nominative]（他的目标是给老板留好印象。〔名词性和表语〕）
We want her to come to the party. [nominal and a *direct * object]
We want her to come to the party. [nominal and a direct object]（我们想让她来派对。〔名词性和直接宾语〕）
We hope that she’d like to come to the party. [nominal and a direct object]
We hope that she’d like to come to the party. [nominal and a direct object]（我们希望她会想来派对。〔名词性和直接宾语〕）
18h. In the following pairs of sentences, read the first sentence and then analyze the underlined verbal phrase in the second, using the first sentence as a clue. Example: 18h. 在下面每对句子中，先读第一句，然后以第一句为线索，分析第二句中加下划线的动词性短语。例如：
Randolph likes Italian food. Randolph likes to eat Italian food. Randolph likes Italian food. Randolph likes to eat Italian food.（伦道夫喜欢意大利菜。伦道夫喜欢吃意大利菜。）
He likes mystery novels. He likes to read mystery novels. [The infinitive phrase is the direct object of likes.]
He likes mystery novels. He likes to read mystery novels. [The infinitive phrase is the direct object of likes.]（他喜欢推理小说。他喜欢读推理小说。〔不定式短语是 likes 的直接宾语。〕）
He reads them before school. He likes reading them before school. [The gerund phrase is the direct object of likes.]
He reads them before school. He likes reading them before school. [The gerund phrase is the direct object of likes.]（他上学前读它们。他喜欢上学前读它们。〔动名词短语是 likes 的直接宾语。〕）
She is quite ready. She is ready to sing. [The infinitive is an adverbial modifier of ready.]
She is quite ready. She is ready to sing. [The infinitive is an adverbial modifier of ready.]（她准备得相当好。她准备好唱歌了。〔不定式是 ready 的副词性修饰语。〕）
She is very happy. She is happy to sing. [The infinitive is an adverbial modifier of happy.]
She is very happy. She is happy to sing. [The infinitive is an adverbial modifier of happy.]（她很开心。她开心地唱歌。〔不定式是 happy 的副词性修饰语。〕）
Smiling, the opera star took center stage. Singing the aria loudly, the opera star took center stage. [The participial phrase modifies the opera star.]
Smiling, the opera star took center stage. Singing the aria loudly, the opera star took center stage. [The participial phrase modifies the opera star.]（微笑着，歌剧明星走上舞台中央。大声唱着咏叹调，歌剧明星走上舞台中央。〔分词短语修饰 the opera star。〕）
He annoys us. His singing arias at 6 a.m. annoys us. [The gerund phrase is the subject of the sentence.]
He annoys us. His singing arias at 6 a.m. annoys us. [The gerund phrase is the subject of the sentence.]（他惹我们烦。他早上6点唱咏叹调惹我们烦。〔动名词短语是句子的主语。〕）
I don’t enjoy opera at 6 a.m. I don’t enjoy listening to opera at 6 a.m. [The *gerund * phrase is the direct object of enjoy.]
I don’t enjoy opera at 6 a.m. I don’t enjoy listening to opera at 6 a.m. [The gerund phrase is the direct object of enjoy.]（我不喜欢早上6点的歌剧。我不喜欢早上6点听歌剧。〔动名词短语是 enjoy 的直接宾语。〕）
I want music at any time. I want to listen to opera at any time. [The infinitive phrase is the direct object of* want.*]
I want music at any time. I want to listen to opera at any time. [The infinitive phrase is the direct object of want.]（我随时都想要音乐。我随时想听歌剧。〔不定式短语是 want 的直接宾语。〕）
18i. Identify the underlined verbals as gerunds, participles, and infinitives. Then identify the function that the verbal performs in each sentence. 18i. 把加下划线的动词性词语归类为动名词、分词和不定式。然后标出该动词性词语在每句中发挥的功能。
He likes to read. [Nominal infinitive; direct object]
He likes to read. [Nominal infinitive; direct object]（他喜欢读书。〔名词性不定式；直接宾语〕）
He likes reading novels. [Gerund; direct object]
He likes reading novels. [Gerund; direct object]（他喜欢读小说。〔动名词；直接宾语〕）
Running quickly, he soon arrived at home. [Participle, modifying the subject he]
Running quickly, he soon arrived at home. [Participle, modifying the subject he]（飞快地跑着，他很快到了家。〔分词，修饰主语 he〕）
His singing annoyed us. [Gerund; the subject of the sentence]
His singing annoyed us. [Gerund; the subject of the sentence]（他的歌声惹我们烦。〔动名词；句子的主语〕）
Known to the entire community, the mayor is respected. [Participle, modifying mayor]
Known to the entire community, the mayor is respected. [Participle, modifying mayor]（市长为整个社区所知，受人尊敬。〔分词，修饰 mayor〕）
The silent film star, seen but never recognized, lived in our neighborhood. [Participle, modifying film star]
The silent film star, seen but never recognized, lived in our neighborhood. [Participle, modifying film star]（那位默片明星，被看见却从未被认出，住在我们社区。〔分词，修饰 film star〕）
He wants to earn money. [Nominal infinitive; direct object]
He wants to earn money. [Nominal infinitive; direct object]（他想赚钱。〔名词性不定式；直接宾语〕）
He writes to learn. [Adverbial infinitive, modifying writes]
He writes to learn. [Adverbial infinitive, modifying writes]（他写作以学习。〔副词性不定式，修饰 writes〕）
They were prepared to fight. [Adverbial infinitive, modifying were prepared]
They were prepared to fight. [Adverbial infinitive, modifying were prepared]（他们准备好战斗了。〔副词性不定式，修饰 were prepared〕）
To succeed, you must be prepared to work hard. [Two adverbial infinitives, both modifying must be prepared]
To succeed, you must be prepared to work hard. [Two adverbial infinitives, both modifying must be prepared]（要成功，你必须准备好努力。〔两个副词性不定式，都修饰 must be prepared〕）
CHAPTER 19
第十九章
**19a. **We’ve examined four classes of pronouns in this chapter. Write the names of the four classes and check your list by looking back through the chapter. 19a. 我们在本章考察了四类代词。写出这四类的名称，并回顾本章核对你的列表。
The four classes are demonstrative, reflexive, indefinite, and interrogative The four classes are demonstrative, reflexive, indefinite, and interrogative（四类是：指示代词、反身代词、不定代词和疑问代词）
19b. Now, for each of the four classes, write as many pronouns as you can remember. Check your lists by looking back and write down those you forgot. 19b. 现在，对四类中的每一类，尽量写出你能记住的代词。回顾并补上你忘记的。
Demonstrative: That, this, these, and those. Demonstrative:（指示代词： That、this、these 和 those。）
Reflexive: All the –self pronouns, like *myself, yourself, * *himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves, *and oneself. Reflexive:（**反身代词：**所有 –self 代词，如 myself、yourself、himself、herself、itself、ourselves、yourselves、themselves 和 oneself。）
Indefinite (of any kind): All, another, any, *anybody, * anyone, anything, both, each, *enough, everybody, everyone, * *everything, few, less, little, more, much, nobody, no one, * *nothing, * *plenty, * *several, * some, *somebody, * *someone, * something; one and none, either and neither. Indefinite (of any kind):（不定代词（任何种类）： All、another、any、anybody、anyone、anything、both、each、enough、everybody、everyone、everything、few、less、little、more、much、nobody、no one、nothing、plenty、several、some、somebody、someone、something；one 和 none、either 和 neither。）
Interrogative: *Who, what, which, whom, whose; whoever, * whomever, whatever, and whichever. Interrogative:（疑问代词： Who、what、which、whom、whose；whoever、whomever、whatever 和 whichever。）
19c. Write one sentence that contains an example of each of the four classes you listed above. Compare your sentences with the examples in this chapter. 19c. 写一个含上述四类代词各一例的句子。把你的句子和本章的例子比较。
[The following are merely a few examples of sentences you might have written.] [The following are merely a few examples of sentences you might have written.]（〔下面只是你可能写出的几个例句。〕）
Demonstrative: That chair belongs on this side of the room. Reflexive: Move the chair yourself. Indefinite (of any kind): I won’t move anything. Interrogative: Who do you think you are? Demonstrative: That chair belongs on this side of the room. Reflexive: Move the chair yourself. Indefinite (of any kind): I won’t move anything. Interrogative: Who do you think you are?（指示代词：那把椅子该放在房间这一边。反身代词：你自己搬椅子。不定代词：我什么也不会搬。疑问代词：你以为你是谁？）
**19d. **Each of the following sentences contains at least one example of the pronouns described in this chapter. Classify each underlined example. 19d. 下列每个句子都至少含有一个本章描述的代词的例子。把每个加下划线的例子归类。
What are you doing? Interrogative
What are you doing? Interrogative（你在做什么？疑问代词）
Who wants to know? Interrogative
Who wants to know? Interrogative（谁想知道？疑问代词）
That is the dumbest question anyone ever asked. Demonstrative; indefinite
That is the dumbest question anyone ever asked. Demonstrative; indefinite（那是最蠢的问题，任何人问过的最蠢。指示代词；不定代词）
I myself am going to teach you some manners because you obviously have none. Reflexive; indefinite
I myself am going to teach you some manners because you obviously have none. Reflexive; indefinite（我自己要教教你礼貌，因为你显然一点也没有。反身代词；不定代词）
Both of you need to stop this immediately. *Indefinite; * demonstrative
Both of you need to stop this immediately. Indefinite; demonstrative（你们两个都需立刻停止这个。不定代词；指示代词）
I doubt that you can do anything to stop us. Indefinite
I doubt that you can do anything to stop us. Indefinite（我怀疑你能做什么来阻止我们。不定代词）
Whatever could you do? Interrogative
Whatever could you do? Interrogative（你究竟能做什么？疑问代词）
Anybody who tries to stop me is going to get it. *Indefinite; * indefinite
Anybody who tries to stop me is going to get it. Indefinite; indefinite（任何想阻止我的人都会吃苦头。不定代词；不定代词）
Can’t someone do something to help me? *Indefinite; * indefinite
Can’t someone do something to help me? Indefinite; indefinite（难道没人能做点什么帮我吗？不定代词；不定代词）
I’ve had enough of all of you. Indefinite; indefinite
I’ve had enough of all of you. Indefinite; indefinite（你们所有人都让我受够了。不定代词；不定代词）
CHAPTER 20
第二十章
20a. In the following multiple-choice questions, classify the underlined words. You will use some answers more than once; you may not need some answers at all. 20a. 在下面的选择题中，归类加下划线的词。有些答案你会用不止一次；有些答案你可能完全用不到。
A. Expletive B. Noun of direct address **C. Appositive ** **D. Subject of the sentence ** E. Sentence modifier A. Expletive（虚词） B. Noun of direct address（呼语） C. Appositive（同位语） D. Subject of the sentence（句子主语） E. Sentence modifier（句子修饰语）
It** **was surprising to hear the news. A
It was surprising to hear the news. A（听到这消息令人惊讶。A）
It** **was surprising to hear the news. D
It was surprising to hear the news. D（听到这消息令人惊讶。D）
It is time to go. A
It is time to go. A（该走了。A）
Gosh, John, you forgot your shoes. B
Gosh, John, you forgot your shoes. B（天哪，约翰，你忘了鞋。B）
Frankly, John often forgets his shoes. E
Frankly, John often forgets his shoes. E（坦白说，约翰常忘鞋。E）
It is amazing that you forgot your shoes. A
It is amazing that you forgot your shoes. A（你忘了鞋真惊人。A）
You can speak with Mr. Smith, the principal. C
You can speak with Mr. Smith, the principal. C（你可以和史密斯先生——校长——谈。C）
Truly, Mr. Smith is a patient man. [Arguably E, a sentence modifier, but this could simply be a moveable adverb: *Mr. * Smith is truly a patient man.]
Truly, Mr. Smith is a patient man. [Arguably E, a sentence modifier, but this could simply be a moveable adverb: Mr. Smith is truly a patient man.]（确实，史密斯先生是个有耐心的人。〔可算作 E 句子修饰语，但也可能只是个可移动副词：Mr. Smith is truly a patient man.〕）
20b. Underline the absolute phrases in the following sentences: 20b. 给下面句子中的独立短语加下划线：
The sun having set, we walked home. Our faces wet and cold, we arrived at my parents’ house. The sun having set, we walked home. Our faces wet and cold, we arrived at my parents’ house.（太阳落下了，我们走回家。我们脸又湿又冷，到了父母家。）
20c. Now combine the following pairs of sentences into single sentences, rewriting the first sentence as an absolute phrase. Underline the absolute phrase: 20c. 现在把下面每对句子合并成单句，把第一句改写为独立短语。给独立短语加下划线：
Our time was running short. We hurried to the station. Our time running short, we hurried to the station. Our time was running short. We hurried to the station. Our time running short, we hurried to the station.（我们的时间不多了。我们赶往车站。时间不多了，我们赶往车站。）
Her suitcase was safely stowed away. June finally relaxed. Her suitcase safely stowed away, June finally relaxed. Her suitcase was safely stowed away. June finally relaxed. Her suitcase safely stowed away, June finally relaxed.（她的手提箱安全放好了。琼终于放松了。手提箱安全放好，琼终于放松了。）
Our last obstacle was overcome. We all relaxed. Our last obstacle overcome, we all relaxed. Our last obstacle was overcome. We all relaxed. Our last obstacle overcome, we all relaxed.（我们最后的障碍克服了。我们都放松了。最后的障碍克服，我们都放松了。）
20d. List the five moods of verbs. 20d. 列出动词的五种语气。
Indicative Interrogative Imperative Conditional Subjunctive Indicative Interrogative Imperative（陈述语气 疑问语气 祈使语气） Conditional Subjunctive（条件语气 虚拟语气）
20e. List the nine modal auxiliaries. 20e. 列出九个情态助动词。
can shall will could should would must may might can shall will（能 应 将要） could should would（能〔过〕 应该 会） must may might（必须 可以 可能）
CHAPTER 21
第二十一章
**21a. **In the following sentences, place a comma wherever necessary. 21a. 在下面的句子中，在必要处加逗号。
Stephen Colbert**,** the irreverent late-night host**,** often pokes fun at political leaders.
Stephen Colbert**,** the irreverent late-night host**,** often pokes fun at political leaders.（斯蒂芬·科拜尔，那位无礼的深夜主持人，常拿政治领袖开玩笑。）
Ralph Ellison’s only completed novel, Invisible Man, won the National Book Award.
Ralph Ellison’s only completed novel, Invisible Man, won the National Book Award.（拉尔夫·埃里森唯一完成的小说《看不见的人》获得了国家图书奖。）
The rescue workers**,** exhausted and discouraged**,** stared at the rubble without speaking.
The rescue workers**,** exhausted and discouraged**,** stared at the rubble without speaking.（救援人员，疲惫又沮丧，默然盯着瓦砾。）
You can go when you are finished**,** or you can stay and ask questions.
You can go when you are finished**,** or you can stay and ask questions.（你完了可以走，或者你可以留下提问。）
When you are finished**,** you can go**,** or you can stay and ask questions. [The first comma is optional.]
When you are finished**,** you can go**,** or you can stay and ask questions. [The first comma is optional.]（你完了，可以走，或者可以留下提问。〔第一个逗号可有可无。〕）
“He has plundered our seas**,** ravaged our coasts**,** burnt our towns**,** and destroyed the lives of our people.” (*The * Declaration of Independence.)
“He has plundered our seas**,** ravaged our coasts**,** burnt our towns**,** and destroyed the lives of our people.” (The Declaration of Independence.)（“他劫掠了我们的海洋，蹂躏了我们的海岸，焚毁了我们的城镇，摧毁了我们人民的生活。”〔《独立宣言》。〕）
The long**,** twisting**,** and muddy road led to an abandoned car.
The long**,** twisting**,** and muddy road led to an abandoned car.（那条漫长、蜿蜒而泥泞的路通向一辆废弃的车。）
That movie**,** which I’ve seen before**,** is too violent for me.
That movie**,** which I’ve seen before**,** is too violent for me.（那部电影，我以前看过，对我来说太暴力了。）
He thought New York City**,** New York**,** was the greatest city on earth.
He thought New York City**,** New York**,** was the greatest city on earth.（他认为纽约市，纽约州，是地球上最伟大的城市。）
I have been working hard on my writing**,** and I hope to do better in my next English class.
I have been working hard on my writing**,** and I hope to do better in my next English class.（我一直在努力写作，希望下个英语课做得更好。）
November 22**,** 1963**,** is a day most Baby Boomers remember clearly.
November 22**,** 1963**,** is a day most Baby Boomers remember clearly.（1963年11月22日，是大多数婴儿潮一代清晰记得的一天。）
**21b. **Which sentence below is unfair to teenaged drivers? 21b. 下面哪句对青少年司机不公平？
Restrictive: Teenaged drivers who drive like maniacs should lose their licenses. Restrictive:（限定性：像疯子一样开车的青少年司机应该吊销执照。）
Non-restrictive: Teenaged drivers, who drive like maniacs, should lose their licenses. Non-restrictive:（非限定性：青少年司机，他们像疯子一样开车，应该吊销执照。）
Probably the second one is unfair, because its punctuation indicates that all teenaged drivers drive like maniacs. The first says that only those who drive like maniacs should lose their licenses. Probably the second one is unfair, because its punctuation indicates that all teenaged drivers drive like maniacs. The first says that only those who drive like maniacs should lose their licenses.（大概第二句不公平，因为它的标点表明所有青少年司机都像疯子一样开车。第一句说只有那些像疯子一样开车的才该吊销执照。）
Which sentence below is unfair to grammarians? Which sentence below is unfair to grammarians?（下面哪句对语法学家不公平？）
Restrictive: Grammarians who are always correcting other people’s grammar should be thrown out a second-story window. Restrictive:（限定性：总是纠正别人语法的语法学家该被扔出二楼窗户。）
Non-restrictive: Grammarians, who are always correcting other people’s grammar, should be thrown out a second-story window. Non-restrictive:（非限定性：语法学家，他们总是纠正别人的语法，该被扔出二楼窗户。）
Probably both, because neither group really deserves to be thrown out a window. (Really.) But the second is more unfair, because it indicates that all grammarians are always correcting people. Probably both, because neither group really deserves to be thrown out a window. (Really.) But the second is more unfair, because it indicates that all grammarians are always correcting people.（大概两句都不公平，因为这两类人都不该被扔出窗。〔真的。〕但第二句更不公平，因为它暗示所有语法学家总在纠正别人。）
**21c. **Insert a colon or semi-colon where necessary or correct a mistake. 21c. 在必要处插入冒号或分号，或改正错误。
He was fired yesterday**;** he simply wasn’t doing his job.
He was fired yesterday**;** he simply wasn’t doing his job.（他昨天被解雇了；他根本没在干活。）
The boss offered only one explanation**:** he simply wasn’t doing his job. [A semi-colon would work here, too.]
The boss offered only one explanation**:** he simply wasn’t doing his job. [A semi-colon would work here, too.]（老板只给了一个解释：他根本没在干活。〔这里用分号也可以。〕）
A main clause contains a subject and a predicate**;** it can stand alone as a complete sentence. [A colon would work here, too.]
A main clause contains a subject and a predicate**;** it can stand alone as a complete sentence. [A colon would work here, too.]（主句含主语和谓语；它能独立成完整句子。〔这里用冒号也可以。〕）
A main clause is easy to define**:** it contains a subject and a predicate and can stand alone as a complete sentence.
A main clause is easy to define**:** it contains a subject and a predicate and can stand alone as a complete sentence.（主句很容易定义：它含主语和谓语，能独立成完整句子。）
Some interesting Southern expressions include tote, y’all, * and schlimozel*. [The colon after include should be deleted.] 6. Tote, y’all, and schlimozel:** I’m not sure those are all Southern expressions.
Some interesting Southern expressions include tote, y’all, and schlimozel. [The colon after include should be deleted.] 6. Tote, y’all, and schlimozel**:** I’m not sure those are all Southern expressions.（5. 一些有趣的南方表达包括 tote、y’all 和 schlimozel。〔include 后的冒号应删去。〕6. Tote、y’all 和 schlimozel：** 我不确定那些都是南方表达。）
**21d. **Correct punctuation in these quotations as necessary. 21d. 必要时改正这些引语中的标点。
1. “My mother had a great deal of trouble with me,” wrote Mark Twain, “but I think she enjoyed it.” 1. “My mother had a great deal of trouble with me,” wrote Mark Twain**,** “but I think she enjoyed it.”（“我母亲为我操了不少心，”马克·吐温写道，“但我想她乐在其中。”）
- Elbert Hubbard wrote**,** “Your friend is the man who knows all about you and still likes you.” 3. “Senator Phogbound has an evasive word for everything,” Jones wrote**.** **“**When he was caught tapping into his campaign funds, he called it ‘a possible error.’”
- Elbert Hubbard wrote**,** “Your friend is the man who knows all about you and still likes you.” 3. “Senator Phogbound has an evasive word for everything,” Jones wrote**.** **“**When he was caught tapping into his campaign funds, he called it ‘a possible error.’”（2. 埃尔伯特·哈伯德写道：“你的朋友是那个了解你一切却仍喜欢你的人。”3. “福格邦参议员对每件事都有个含糊的说法，”琼斯写道。“当他被抓到挪用竞选资金时，他称之为‘一个可能的错误’。”）
**21e. **Add or correct punctuation wherever necessary. 21e. 在必要处加或改正标点。
When there**’s a snow day,** we typically don**’t have to make it up unless we’**ve had many of them.
When there**’s a snow day,** we typically don**’t have to make it up unless we’**ve had many of them.（下雪停课的日子，我们通常不必补课，除非那样的日子很多。）
It**’s always a relief after you’**ve finished a research paper and turned it in.
It**’s always a relief after you’**ve finished a research paper and turned it in.（写完交上研究论文后，总是如释重负。）
St. Louis**,** Missouri**,** is Charles**’s** home**,** and he returns there whenever he can**.** [According to some style guides,* Charles’s* should be Charles’.]
St. Louis**,** Missouri**,** is Charles**’s** home**,** and he returns there whenever he can**.** [According to some style guides, Charles’s should be Charles’.]（密苏里州圣路易斯是查尔斯的家，他一有机会就回去。〔据某些格式指南，Charles’s 应为 Charles’。〕）
You can write one independent clause**,** and it**’**s possible to add a second with a coordinating conjunction.
You can write one independent clause**,** and it**’**s possible to add a second with a coordinating conjunction.（你可以写一个独立从句，并且有可能用并列连词加上第二个。）
This is one independent clause**;** this is another independent clause.
This is one independent clause**;** this is another independent clause.（这是一个独立从句；这是另一个独立从句。）
These are the steps in the writing process**:** prewriting**,** drafting**,** revision**,** and exhaustion.
These are the steps in the writing process**:** prewriting**,** drafting**,** revision**,** and exhaustion.（这些是写作过程的步骤：预写、起草、修改和筋疲力尽。）
Because it**’s my grandmother’s home,** Atlanta**,** Georgia**,** is my favorite city**,** and Orlando**,** Florida**,** which is not that far from Atlanta**,** is my favorite vacation spot.
Because it**’s my grandmother’s home,** Atlanta**,** Georgia**,** is my favorite city**,** and Orlando**,** Florida**,** which is not that far from Atlanta**,** is my favorite vacation spot.（因为那是外祖母的家，佐治亚州亚特兰大是我最爱的城市，而离亚特兰大不远的佛罗里达州奥兰多是我最爱的度假地。）
My Aunt Hepatica still believes that Orson Welles**’s** drama The War of the Worlds was real. [According to some style guides,* Welles’s* should be Welles’.]
My Aunt Hepatica still believes that Orson Welles**’s** drama The War of the Worlds was real. [According to some style guides, Welles’s should be Welles’.]（我的肝叶草姑妈仍相信奥森·威尔斯的广播剧《世界大战》是真的。〔据某些格式指南，Welles’s 应为 Welles’。〕）
Glossary
术语表
In these definitions, words in *bold ** type indicate terms defined elsewhere in this glossary. For the sake of readability, only selected cross-referenced terms are in bold. Italics ***mark examples; words of particular relevance in these examples are underscored. Chapter references direct you to discussions of the term. For more cross- references, see the index. In these definitions, words in bold type indicate terms defined elsewhere in this glossary. For the sake of readability, only selected cross-referenced terms are in bold. Italics mark examples; words of particular relevance in these examples are underscored. Chapter references direct you to discussions of the term. For more cross-references, see the index.（在这些定义中，粗体词表示本术语表中别处定义过的术语。为便于阅读，只有选定的交叉引用术语用粗体。斜体标示例子；例子中特别相关的词加下划线。章节引用指引你到该术语的讨论处。更多交叉引用见索引。）
Absolute phrase: A noun phrase, often followed by a participle, used adjectivally or adverbially: *His projector having failed, * the speaker improvised for the audience. See Ch. 20. Absolute phrase（独立短语）: 一个名词短语，常后接一个分词，用作形容词性或副词性成分：His projector having failed, the speaker improvised for the audience. 见第20章。
Action verb: A verb that indicates action: run, walk, speak, * *read, fly, *and sail are all action verbs. Some action verbs are not actions in the usual sense: pause, consider. Compare linking verb. Do not confuse with active verb. See Ch. 2. Action verb（动作动词）: 表示动作的动词*：run、walk、speak、read、fly 和 sail 都是动作动词。有些动作动词并非通常意义上的动作：pause、consider。比较 linking verb（连系动词）。不要与 active verb（主动动词） 混淆。见第2章。
Active verb: A transitive verb in the active voice, describing an action performed by the subject upon a direct object: The explosion shattered the windows. Compare** passive ** verb. Do not confuse with action verb. See Ch. 14. Active verb（主动动词）: 处于主动语态的及物动词，描述主语对直接宾语施加的动作：The explosion shattered the windows. 比较 passive verb（被动动词）。不要与 action verb（动作动词） 混淆。见第14章。
Active voice: A quality of transitive verbs, present when the subject of the verb is actively performing an action upon
a direct object. Transitive verbs and the sentences that contain them can be said to be in the active or the passive voice. Compare passive verb and passive voice. See Ch. 14. Active voice（主动语态）: 及物动词的一种属性，存在于动词的主语正对直接宾语主动施加动作时。及物动词以及包含它们的句子可说成处于主动语态或被动语态。比较 passive verb（被动动词） 和 passive voice（被动语态）。见第14章。
Adjectival: A term applied to any word, phrase, or clause that functions as an adjective. See Ch. 4. Adjectival（形容词性的）: 用于任何充当形容词功能的词、短语或从句的术语。见第4章。
Adjective: A word that modifies a noun or pronoun: a small * red convertible. One of the eight* parts of speech**. See Ch. 4. Adjective（形容词）: 修饰名词或代词的词：a small red convertible. 八种词性之一。见第4章。
Adverbial: A term applied to any word, phrase, or clause that functions as an adverb. See Ch. 5. Adverbial（副词性的）: 用于任何充当副词功能的词、短语或从句的术语。见第5章。
Adverb: A word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. One of the** eight parts of speech**. See Ch. 5. Adverb（副词）: 修饰动词、形容词或另一个副词的词。八种词性之一。见第5章。
Antecedent: The noun that is placed by a pronoun: *George * explained why he was late. See Ch. 7. Antecedent（先行词）: 被代词所替代的名词：George explained why he was late. 见第7章。
Appositive: A noun phrase that renames or provides supplemental information about another noun phrase; the appositive usually appears immediately after the noun phrase: The club expelled that dull fellow, the grammarian. See Ch. 15. Appositive（同位语）: 重命名或提供关于另一个名词短语补充信息的名词短语；同位语通常紧接在该名词短语之后：The club expelled that dull fellow, the grammarian. 见第15章。
Articles: The three words a, an, and the, *considered here as a special class of adjectives. See Ch. 4. Articles（冠词）: 三个词 a、an 和 the，在此视为形容词*的一个特殊类。见第4章。
Auxiliary verb: When a simple predicate contains more than one verb, the words before the main verb are auxiliary verbs: I can juggle. See Ch. 2. Auxiliary verb（助动词）: 当简单谓语包含不止一个动词时，位于主动词之前的词是助动词：I can juggle. 见第2章。
Case: A quality (or inflection) of English pronouns that indicates the function of the pronoun in a sentence. English pronouns can be in the** nominative, objective, or possessive case. Also see person. See Ch. 7. Case（格）: 英语代词的一种属性（或屈折变化**），表示代词在句中的功能。英语代词可以是主格、宾格或所有格。另见 person（人称）。见第7章。
**Clause: **A unit of language that contains a subject and a predicate. See **dependent clause and independent **
clause.** All complete sentences contain at least one clause. See Ch. 10. Clause（从句）: 包含主语和谓语的语言单位。见 dependent clause（从属从句） 和 independent clause（独立从句）。所有完整的句子**都至少含一个从句。见第10章。
Common noun: A noun that indicates a general class of persons, places, or things, instead of a particular member of that class. They are typically not capitalized. Examples: *city, state, man. * Compare proper noun. See Ch. 15. Common noun（普通名词）: 表示一类人、地点或事物而非该类特定成员的名词。通常不大写。例如：city, state, man. 比较 proper noun（专有名词）。见第15章。
Comparison: The three forms of many adjectives and adverbs, reflecting comparative degrees of quality or intensity: The forms are the positive degree (clumsy, careless), used to describe one person or thing; the comparative degree (*clumsier, more * careless), used to compare two; and the *superlative degree * (clumsiest, most careless) to compare three or more. See also regular adjective and regular adverb. See Ch. 4. Comparison（比较等级）: 许多形容词和副词的三种形式，反映性质或强度的比较程度：形式为原级（clumsy, careless，描述一个人或物）、比较级（clumsier, more careless，比较两者）和最高级（clumsiest, most careless，比较三个及以上）。另见 regular adjective（规则形容词） 和 regular adverb（规则副词）。见第4章。
Complement: The noun or adjective that follows a transitive ** verb or a linking verb and completes the sense of the verb. There are five kinds: the direct object, indirect object, ** object complement,** predicate adjective**,** and predicate ** nominative. Nominals and adjectivals can also be complements. See Chs. 8 and 14. Complement（补语）: 跟随及物动词或连系动词并补全动词意义的名词或形容词。有五种：直接宾语、间接宾语、宾语补语、谓语形容词和表语。名词性成分和形容词性成分也可以是补语。见第8、14章。
Complete predicate: The verb of a clause, with all its complements and modifiers. Your paternal grandmother, * Mrs. Crowder, is a friend of mine. Compare complete ** subject and simple predicate. See Ch. 1. Complete predicate（完整谓语）: 一个从句的动词及其所有补语和修饰语*。Your paternal grandmother, Mrs. Crowder, is a friend of mine. 比较 complete subject（完整主语） 和 simple predicate（简单谓语）。见第1章。
Complete subject: The simple subject of a sentence, with all its modifiers and associated words (like adjectives, ** adjectivals, and appositives). *Your paternal grandmother, * *Mrs. Crowder, is a friend of mine. *Compare complete ** predicate and simple subject. See Ch. 1. Complete subject（完整主语）: 句子的简单主语及其所有修饰语和相关词语（如形容词、形容词性成分和同位语）。Your paternal grandmother, Mrs. Crowder, is a friend of mine. 比较 complete predicate（完整谓语） 和 simple subject（简单主语）。见第1章。
Complex sentence: One of four classifications of sentences based on grammatical structure, a complex sentence contains only one independent clause, and one or more dependent ** clauses: If you have never seen a complex sentence, you are * reading one right now. Compare simple, compound, and ** compound-complex sentences. See Ch. 10. Complex sentence（复杂句）: 按语法结构对句子的四种分类之一，复杂句只含一个独立从句和一个或多个从属从句*：If you have never seen a complex sentence, you are reading one right now. 比较 simple（简单句）、compound（并列句） 和 compound-complex sentences（并列复杂句）。见第10章。
**Compound pronoun: **A two-part pronoun: **personal ** **pronouns followed by a second element like –self (*myself, * yourself, yourselves), or interrogative pronouns followed by –ever (whoever, whomever, whatever). See also reflexive ** pronoun. See Chs. 12 and 19. Compound pronoun（复合代词）: 两部分的代词：人称代词后接 –self 类成分（myself、yourself、yourselves），或疑问代词后接 –ever（whoever, whomever, whatever）。另见 reflexive pronoun（反身代词）。见第12、19章。
Compound sentence: One of four classifications of sentences based on grammatical structure, a compound sentence contains two or more independent clauses, and no dependent ** clauses; the clauses are joined by one or more coordinating ** conjunctions: This is an independent clause, and this is * another one. Compare simple, complex, and compound- complex sentences. See Chs. 9 and 10. Compound sentence（并列句）: 按语法结构对句子的四种分类之一，并列句包含两个或多个独立从句，没有从属从句*；从句由一个或多个并列连词连接：This is an independent clause, and this is another one. 比较 simple（简单句）、complex（复杂句） 和 compound-complex sentences（并列复杂句）。见第9、10章。
Compound structure: A grammatical structure consisting of two or more grammatically equivalent units of language, joined by coordinating conjunctions: *Zombies and * *grammarians terrify me. *Compare compound sentence. See Ch. 9. Compound structure（并列结构）: 由两个或多个语法上等同的语言单位构成的语法结构，由并列连词连接：Zombies and grammarians terrify me. 比较 compound sentence（并列句）。见第9章。
Compound-complex sentence: One of four classifications of sentences based on grammatical structure, a compound- complex sentence contains two or more independent ** clauses and one or more dependent clauses. *If you have * *never seen a compound-complex sentence, you are reading * one right now, and I hope you appreciate it. Compare simple, ** complex, and compound sentences. See Ch. 10. Compound-complex sentence（并列复杂句）: 按语法结构对句子的四种分类之一，并列复杂句包含两个或多个独立从句和一个或多个从属从句。If you have never seen a compound-complex sentence, you are reading one right now, and I hope you appreciate it. 比较 simple（简单句）、complex（复杂句） 和 compound sentences（并列句）。见第10章。
Conditional mood: One of the moods of verbs**,** the conditional mood expresses (by means of modal auxiliaries) necessary, possible, or permitted actions that may be performed at another time: *I could say more about moods, but you would * not appreciate it. See Ch. 20. Conditional mood（条件语气）: 动词的语气之一，条件语气（借助情态助动词）表达在另一时间可能发生的必要、可能或被允许的动作：I could say more about moods, but you would not appreciate it. 见第20章。
Conjunctions: Words (including coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions) that connect one unit of language with another. One of the eight parts of speech. See Ch. 9. Conjunctions（连词）: 将一个语言单位与另一个连接起来的词（包括并列连词和从属连词）。八种词性之一。见第9章。
Conjunctive adverb: An adverb that signals a relationship between the idea of its own clause and the idea of a preceding clause: e.g., therefore, thus, on the contrary, and many more. Conjunctive adverbs are not conjunctions; they do not, by themselves, join clauses. See Ch. 9. Conjunctive adverb（连接副词）: 表明自身从句之意与前一从句之意之间关系的副词：例如 therefore、thus、on the contrary 等。连接副词不是连词；它们本身不连接从句。见第9章。
Coordinating conjunction: A class of seven conjunctions that join one unit of language with an equivalent unit, to create a compound structure, including compound sentences. They are also called the FANBOYS conjunctions: *for, and, nor, * *but, or, yet, *and so. Compare correlative coordinating ** conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions. See Ch. 9. Coordinating conjunction（并列连词）: 七类连词，将一个语言单位与等同的单位连接，构成并列结构（包括并列句）。又称 FANBOYS 连词：for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so。比较 correlative coordinating conjunctions（关联并列连词） 和 subordinating conjunctions（从属连词）。见第9章。
Correlative ** coordinating ** conjunction: ** A class of conjunctions, just four phrases, each consisting of two to four words, that function like coordinating conjunctions: They are *either/or, neither/nor, both/and, *and *not only/but * *also. *See Ch. 9. Correlative coordinating conjunction（关联并列连词）: 一类连词，仅四个短语，每个由二到四个词组成，功能如并列连词**：它们是 either/or、neither/nor、both/and 和 not only/but also。见第9章。
*Correlative subordinating conjunctions: A sub-class of subordinate conjunctions that introduce subordinate ** clauses. *See Ch. 9. Correlative subordinating conjunctions（关联从属连词）: 从属连词的一个子类，引导从属从句。见第9章。
Dangling participle: A participle that does not clearly or logically modify a nearby noun: *Honking wildly, Jerome * watched the car careen by. See Ch. 17. Dangling participle（悬垂分词）: 不能清楚或合乎逻辑地修饰附近名词的分词：Honking wildly, Jerome watched the car careen by. 见第17章。
eclarative sentence: A sentence that makes a statement of fact (I can juggle vases) in contrast to sentences that ask questions, give commands, or make speculations. Compare interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory sentences. See Introduction and Chs. 1 and 10. eclarative sentence（陈述句）: 作出事实陈述的句子（I can juggle vases），与提问、下命令或作推测的句子相对。比较 interrogative（疑问句）、imperative（祈使句） 和 exclamatory sentences（感叹句）。见导言及第1、10章。
**Definite article: The article the, used to indicate a definite noun ** phrase, one that is already known to the listener: *Give me the * *vase now. *See indefinite article. See Ch. 4. Definite article（定冠词）: 冠词 the，用于指示听者已知道的确定名词短语：Give me the vase now. 见 indefinite article（不定冠词）。见第4章。
Demonstrative pronoun: Four pronouns – this, that, these, * and those – that call attention to the antecedents in the immediate physical or verbal context: That is my bicycle. See Ch. 19. Demonstrative pronoun（指示代词）: 四个代词*——this、that、these 和 those——用来引起对当下物理或言语语境中先行词的注意：That is my bicycle. 见第19章。
Dependent clause: A unit of language that contains a subject and a predicate, but cannot stand by itself as a complete sentence: e. g., *After we went to the concert, we came * home. The nominal clause, the relative clause, and the subordinate clause are all dependent clauses. Compare independent clause. See Chs. 9, 10, and 13. Dependent clause（从属从句）: 包含主语和谓语、但不能独立成完整句子的语言单位：例如 After we went to the concert, we came home. 名词性从句、关系从句和从属从句都是从属从句。比较 independent clause（独立从句）。见第9、10、13章。
Descriptive grammar: An approach to language that describes the ways language is actually used by speakers, including speakers of non-standard dialects. Descriptive grammar does not make explicit judgements about what is right or wrong in a sentence. See the Introduction. Descriptive grammar（描写语法）: 描述语言使用者实际使用语言方式的方法，包括非标准方言使用者。描写语法不明确评判句子对错。见导言。
Direct object: A complement for a transitive verb that receives the action of the verb: I can juggle vases. See Ch. 8. Direct object（直接宾语）: 及物动词的补语，承受动词的动作：I can juggle vases. 见第8章。
**Eight parts of speech: **See parts of speech. Eight parts of speech（八种词性）: 见 parts of speech（词性）。
Elliptical clause: A clause in which one or more grammatically necessary words (e.g., the subject, auxiliary verbs, or the** ** main verb) are implicit: Montrose sings as poorly as I [sing]. See Chs. 9 and 20. Elliptical clause（省略从句）: 一个或多个语法上必要的词（如主语、助动词或主动词）隐含的从句：Montrose sings as poorly as I [sing]. 见第9、20章。
Exclamatory sentence: A sentence, often grammatically incomplete, that expresses emotion: *What now? What the * heck? See Ch. 10. Exclamatory sentence（感叹句）: 常语法上不完整、表达情感的句子：What now? What the heck? 见第10章。
**Expletive: **A term with several possible meanings. In one common usage, it is a profane or impolite word, sometimes represented
in more polite written language like this: *What the [expletive * deleted]? But here we use the term only for the words it and there when they are used in place of the complete subject, which is postponed until later in the clause, perhaps for emphasis or other purposes. In these examples, the complete subject is underlined: No expletive: To find a fly is your soup is upsetting. With an expletive: It is upsetting to find a fly in your soup. No expletive: Waiter, a fly is in my soup. With an expletive: Waiter, there is a fly in my soup. Other variations are possible: *Waiter, there is a [expletive * deleted] fly in my soup. See Chs. 15 and 20. Expletive（虚词/填充词）: 一个有多种含义的术语。一种常见用法中指亵渎或不礼貌的词，在较礼貌的书面语中有时这样表示：What the [expletive deleted]? 但此处我们只将该术语用于 it 和 there，当它们替代完整主语（主语被后置到从句后面，或许为了强调或其他目的）时。在下列例子中，完整主语加了下划线：没有虚词：To find a fly is your soup is upsetting. 有虚词：It is upsetting to find a fly in your soup. 没有虚词：Waiter, a fly is in my soup. 有虚词：Waiter, there is a fly in my soup. 其他变体也可能：Waiter, there is a [expletive deleted] fly in my soup. 见第15、20章。
Form: A word that may perform any of several functions, depending on its context: e.g., a particular noun (a form) can function as a subject, an appositive, a direct object, an indirect object, an object of a preposition, or others. See Chs. 3 and 16. Form（词形）: 一个可根据语境执行多种功能的词：例如，某个名词（一种词形）可作主语、同位语、直接宾语、间接宾语、介词宾语等。见第3、16章。
Fragment sentence: A grammatically incomplete sentence. A fragment may lack a subject or a predicate, or (in writing) it may be a dependent clause punctuated like a complete sentence. Although it is usually written in error, a deliberate fragment, used carefully, can be an effective stylistic device. See Ch. 10. Fragment sentence（碎片句）: 语法上不完整的句子。碎片句可能缺少主语或谓语，或（在书面中）是加了完整句标点的从属从句。虽然通常出于错误，但刻意使用的碎片句若运用得当，可成为有效的修辞手段。见第10章。
Function: The grammatical role that a word plays in a particular sentence: e.g., a noun (a form) can function as a subject, direct object, indirect object, or in other ways. See Ch. 16. Function（功能）: 一个词在特定句中扮演的语法角色：例如，名词（一种词形）可作主语、直接宾语、间接宾语或其他。见第16章。
**Gender: **The inflection of pronouns that reflects the sex of the antecedent of the pronoun: In English, the genders of
pronouns are masculine, feminine, and neuter, and are present only in the third-person singular personal pronouns and in third-person singular reflexive pronouns. See Ch. 7. Gender（性）: 反映代词先行词性别的代词屈折变化：英语中代词的性有阳性、阴性和中性，且仅存在于第三人称单数人称代词和第三人称单数反身代词中。见第7章。
Gerund: A kind of verbal, a present participle that is used nominally, as in Juggling is his hobby. See Ch. 17. Gerund（动名词）: 一种动词性词语，用作名词性的现在分词，如 Juggling is his hobby。见第17章。
Grammar: A system of rules by which we create and comprehend sentences. See the Introduction. Grammar（语法）: 我们创造和理解句子所依据的规则体系。见导言。
Imperative mood: The mood of the verb in imperative sentences, in which the subject and auxiliaries are often implicit: *Stop * that! See Ch. 20. Imperative mood（祈使语气）: 祈使句中动词的语气，其中主语和助动词常隐含：Stop that! 见第20章。
Imperative sentence: A sentence that makes a command: Stop that juggling! See Ch. 10. Imperative sentence（祈使句）: 发出命令的句子：Stop that juggling! 见第10章。
Indefinite article: The articles a and an, used to introduce a nonspecific noun phrase: Do not give that man a vase. See definite article. See Ch. 4. Indefinite article（不定冠词）: 冠词 a 和 an，用于引出非特定的名词短语：Do not give that man a vase. 见 definite article（定冠词）。见第4章。
Indefinite pronoun: A pronoun that is typically without a specific antecedent: *Anyone can dance. *See Ch. 19. Indefinite pronoun（不定代词）: 通常没有特定先行词的代词：Anyone can dance. 见第19章。
Independent clause: A clause that contains a subject and predicate, and can stand by itself as a complete sentence: e. g., We went home after the concert. Sometimes called a main clause, it does not contain a word (like a subordinating ** conjunction or relative pronoun) that makes the clause dependent on another clause for grammatical completeness. Compare dependent clause. See Ch. 9. Independent clause（独立从句）: 包含主语和谓语、能独立成完整句子的从句**：例如 We went home after the concert. 有时称主句，它不含使从句依赖另一从句才语法完整的词（如从属连词或关系代词）。比较 dependent clause（从属从句）。见第9章。
Indicative mood: The mood of a verb used in declarative ** sentences. See Ch. 20. Indicative mood（陈述语气）: 用于陈述句的动词语气**。见第20章。
Indirect object: A complement of a transitive verb that appears between the verb and the direct object and in some sense receives the direct object: We lent him the vases. See Ch. 8. Indirect object（间接宾语）: 及物动词的补语，出现在动词和直接宾语之间，在某种意义上承受直接宾语：We lent him the vases. 见第8章。
Infinitive verb: A verbal, consisting of a basic form of a verb, and typically preceded by the particle to: e.g., to strive, to * *seek, to find. *Infinitives can be used nominally, adjectivally, or adverbially. See Chs. 14 and 18. Infinitive verb（不定式动词）: 一种动词性词语*，由动词的基本形式构成，通常前有小品词 to：例如 to strive, to seek, to find。不定式可作名词性、形容词性或副词性使用。见第14、18章。
Inflection: Changes in the form of a word that indicate some change in the word’s grammatical function. The suffixes in walks, walked, and walking are inflections. See the Introduction. Inflection（屈折变化）: 词形的变化，表示词的语法功能发生变化。walks、walked 和 walking 中的后缀就是屈折变化。见导言。
Interjection: A phrase that expresses an emotion or serves some social purpose (e.g., greetings, politeness, agreement, or disagreement), but performs no grammatical function in the sentence. One of the eight parts of speech. See Ch. 16. Interjection（感叹词）: 表达情感或用于某种社会目的（如问候、礼貌、同意或不同意）、但在句中无语法功能的词语。八种词性之一。见第16章。
**Interrogative adverb: **The adverbs *when, where, why, and * how when used to create a question: *What did the President * know, and when did he know it? See Ch. 5. Interrogative adverb（疑问副词）: 用于构成疑问的副词 when、where、why 和 how：What did the President know, and when did he know it? 见第5章。
**Interrogative mood: The mood of verbs in interrogative ** sentences. See Ch. 20. Interrogative mood（疑问语气）: 疑问句中动词的语气。见第20章。
Interrogative pronoun: Pronouns used to ask questions, the answers to which will typically be nouns, and the antecedent of the pronoun: *What did the President know, and who did he * know? See Ch. 19. Interrogative pronoun（疑问代词）: 用于提问的代词，其答案通常为名词，也是该代词的先行词：What did the President know, and who did he know? 见第19章。
Interrogative sentence: A sentence that asks a question: *Has * Mr. Morton left? They are often characterized by changes to the typical word order of declarative sentences, and by use of the do auxiliary, interrogative adverbs or pronouns, or tag questions: Did you do that? What did you do? You did that, didn’t you? See Ch. 10. Interrogative sentence（疑问句）: 提问的句子：Has Mr. Morton left? 其特征常为陈述句典型词序的改变，以及使用 do 助动词、疑问副词或代词，或反义疑问句：Did you do that? What did you do? You did that, didn’t you? 见第10章。
**Intransitive verb: An action verb that does not have a direct ** object: Mr. Morton left an hour ago. See Ch. 8. Intransitive verb（不及物动词）: 没有直接宾语的动作动词：Mr. Morton left an hour ago. 见第8章。
Irregular adjective: An adjective whose comparison does not conform to the patterns found in regular adjectives: That is, the comparison is created with other inflections besides the -er and -est suffixes or the adverbs more and most: e.g., the comparison good, better, best is irregular. See Ch. 4. Irregular adjective（不规则形容词）: 比较等级不符合规则形容词模式的形容词：即比较等级用 -er 和 -est 后缀或副词 more 和 most 以外的屈折构成：例如 good, better, best 是不规则的。见第4章。
Irregular adverb: An adverb whose comparison does not conform to the patterns found in regular adverbs: That is, the comparison is created with other inflections besides the -er and -est suffixes or the adverbs more and most. The comparison badly, worse, worst is irregular. See Ch. 5. Irregular adverb（不规则副词）: 比较等级不符合规则副词模式的副词：比较等级用 -er 和 -est 后缀或副词 more 和 most 以外的屈折构成。badly, worse, worst 是不规则的。见第5章。
**Irregular plural: **A noun whose plural form does not conform to the usual pattern: *men, women, children, octopi, *and *memoranda *are irregular plurals. See Ch. 15. Irregular plural（不规则复数）: 复数形式不符合通常模式的名词：men、women、children、octopi 和 memoranda 是不规则复数。见第15章。
Irregular verb: A verb whose principal parts do not conform to the pattern of regular verbs: *lie, lay, lain *are the principal parts of the irregular verb to lie (meaning “to recline”). See Ch. 3. Irregular verb（不规则动词）: 主要动词形式不符合规则动词模式的动词：lie、lay、lain 是不规则动词 to lie（意为“躺”）的主要形式。见第3章。
Linking verb: A verb that appears in a predicate that describes the subject of the sentence. Linking verbs include seem, * become, appear, and all forms of *be, *and take predicate ** adjectives and predicate nominatives as complements: Mr. Lochenhocher appears angry; he is my neighbor. Compare action verb. See Chs. 2 and 8. Linking verb（连系动词）: 出现在描述句子主语的谓语中的动词*。连系动词包括 seem、become、appear 和 be 的所有形式，并以谓语形容词和表语作为补语：Mr. Lochenhocher appears angry; he is my neighbor. 比较 action verb（动作动词）。见第2、8章。
**Main clause: **See independent clause. Main clause（主句）: 见 independent clause（独立从句）。
Main verb: The last verb in the simple predicate and the word that specifies the action: I can juggle. Compare auxiliary ** verb. See Ch. 2. Main verb（主动词）: 简单谓语中最后一个动词，即指明动作的词：I can juggle. 比较 auxiliary verb（助动词）。见第2章。
Modal auxiliaries: Auxiliary verbs used to create the conditional mood: They are *can, could; shall, should; will, * would; and must, might, and may. See Ch. 20. Modal auxiliaries（情态助动词）: 用于构成条件语气的助动词：它们是 can, could; shall, should; will, would; 和 must, might, may。见第20章。
**Modifier: **A word that modifies the meanings of other words: Adjectives modify the meanings of nouns, as adverbs modify the meaning of verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. See Chs. 1, 4, and 5. Modifier（修饰语）: 修饰其他词意义的词：形容词修饰名词的意义，副词修饰动词、形容词和其他副词的意义。见第1、4、5章。
**Mood: **The qualities of verbs that are appropriate for declarations, questions, commands, statements of necessity or possibility, and speculations. See conditional, imperative, indicative, interrogative, and subjunctive mood. See Ch. 20. Mood（语气）: 动词适于陈述、提问、命令、必要或可能陈述及推测的属性。见 conditional（条件语气）、imperative（祈使语气）、indicative（陈述语气）、interrogative（疑问语气） 和 subjunctive mood（虚拟语气）。见第20章。
Nominal: A term applied to a word, phrase, or clause that performs the function of a noun. See Chs. 12 and 13. Nominal（名词性的）: 用于执行名词功能的词、短语或从句的术语。见第12、13章。
Nominalizer: Any of the words *if, that, *and whether when used to create a nominal clause: I will know if you begin juggling. See Chs. 12 and 13. Nominalizer（名词化词）: 用于构成名词性从句的词 if、that 和 whether：I will know if you begin juggling. 见第12、13章。
Nominative case: One of the three cases of English pronouns, marking those used as the subject of a clause: I, we, he, she, * and they are in the nominative case. See Chs. 7 and 8. Nominative case（主格）: 英语代词三种格之一，标记用作从句主语*的代词：I, we, he, she, 和 they 是主格。见第7、8章。
Non-restrictive appositive: An appositive that is not needed to clarify the meaning of the noun it renames. It is usually enclosed in commas: My very best friend, Luis, will drive us to the airport. You have only one very best friend, so Luis merely supplements the meaning of friend. Compare restrictive appositive. See Ch. 15. Non-restrictive appositive（非限定性同位语）: 不需要用来澄清其所重命名名词意义的同位语。通常用逗号隔开：My very best friend, Luis, will drive us to the airport. 你只有一个最好的朋友，所以 Luis 只是补充 friend 的意义。比较 restrictive appositive（限定性同位语）。见第15章。
**Non-restrictive phrase or clause: **A structure that modifies a noun but does not restrict (or limit) its reference. These
structures are usually set off from the noun by commas, as with this non-restrictive relative clause: Bring me the rake, which is in the garage. (There is only one rake, and the relative clause provides supplementary information.) The term is also applied to appositives. Compare restrictive phrase or clause. See Chs. 11 and 15. Non-restrictive phrase or clause（非限定性短语或从句）: 修饰名词但不限制其指称的结构。这些结构通常用逗号与名词隔开，如下面的非限定性关系从句：Bring me the rake, which is in the garage.（只有一把耙子，关系从句提供补充信息。）该术语也用于同位语。比较 restrictive phrase or clause（限定性短语或从句）。见第11、15章。
**Noun: **A word that indicates a person, place, thing, or idea. Most nouns can be singular or plural; all can be modified by adjectives. See common noun and proper noun. See Chs. 2 and 15. Noun（名词）: 表示人、地点、事物或观念的词。多数名词可分单复数；都可被形容词修饰。见 common noun（普通名词） 和 proper noun（专有名词）。见第2、15章。
Noun of direct address: A noun phrase that names the person addressed in the sentence: *Phineas, you are stopping * on my foot! *Please welcome, ladies and gentlemen, our next * speaker. See Ch. 15. Noun of direct address（呼语）: 指称句中受话人的名词短语：Phineas, you are stopping on my foot! Please welcome, ladies and gentlemen, our next speaker. 见第15章。
Noun phrase: A noun and all its modifiers and related structures (like appositives): *Birds, the birds, and the terrifying birds * in Hitchcock’s film are all noun phrases. See Ch. 4. Noun phrase（名词短语）: 一个名词及其所有修饰语和相关结构（如同位语）：Birds, the birds, 和 the terrifying birds in Hitchcock’s film 都是名词短语。见第4章。
Object complement: An adjective or noun phrase that follows a transitive verb and its direct object and describes the direct object in some way: *We have made Donald Trump * President. This election is making me jumpy. See Ch.8. Object complement（宾语补语）: 跟随及物动词及其直接宾语、并以某种方式描述直接宾语的形容词或名词短语：We have made Donald Trump President. This election is making me jumpy. 见第8章。
Objective case: One of the cases of English pronouns, marking those used as a direct or indirect object, an object of a ** preposition, and some other functions: me, us, him, her, and * them are all in the objective case. Compare nominative case ** and possessive case. See Chs. 7 and 8. Objective case（宾格）: 英语代词的格之一，标记用作直接或间接宾语*、介词宾语及其他某些功能的代词：me, us, him, her, 和 them 都是宾格。比较 nominative case（主格） 和 possessive case（所有格）。见第7、8章。
**Object of a preposition: **The noun phrase or pronoun that typically follows a preposition in a prepositional phrase:
To Elise, at your service, and in your face. Pronouns will be in the objective case. See Ch. 6. Object of a preposition（介词宾语）: 在介词短语中通常跟在介词后的名词短语或代词：To Elise, at your service, 和 in your face。代词用宾格。见第6章。
Paragraph coherence: The quality of a paragraph that is unified in subject matter and cohesive in the order and content of sentences: All the sentences in the paragraph are clearly on the same topic, all contributing to the point of the paragraph, and each sentence leads logically to the next. I wandered lonely as a cloud that floats on high o’er vales and hills. Thoughtfully used, pronouns and antecedents, adverbs, conjunctions, and sentence structure can contribute to coherence. (Do you see why coherence is important?) See Chs. 9 and 14. Paragraph coherence（段落连贯）: 段落在主题上统一、在句子顺序与内容上连贯的特质：段落中所有句子显然同一主题，都服务于段落要点，且每句逻辑地引出下一句。恰当使用时，代词与先行词、副词、连词和句子结构有助于连贯。（你明白连贯为何重要吗？）见第9、14章。
Participle: One kind of verbal: The past participle or present ** participle form of a verb, used adjectivally: Past participle: Thrilled, Jerome sped down the street in his new car. Present participle: Honking wildly, Jerome drove his new car to his parents’ home. Compare the dangling participle. See Ch. 17. Participle（分词）: 一种动词性词语：动词的过去分词或现在分词形式，用作形容词性**：过去分词：Thrilled, Jerome sped down the street in his new car. 现在分词：Honking wildly, Jerome drove his new car to his parents’ home. 比较 dangling participle（悬垂分词）。见第17章。
Particle: As the term is used here, a particle is the first part of an infinitive verb (to rise, to fall), or the second part of a phrasal verb (write in, write out, pass out, come to). These particles always resemble prepositions, but are not prepositions (or adverbs, or any other part of speech). They are considered part of the infinitive or phrasal verb. See Chs. 14 and 18. Particle（小品词）: 此处用语中，小品词是不定式动词的第一部分（to rise, to fall），或短语动词的第二部分（write in, write out, pass out, come to）。这些小品词总类似介词，但不是介词（也不是副词或任何其他词性）。它们被视为不定式或短语动词的一部分。见第14、18章。
Parts of speech: The eight categories of words into which all the words in a sentence can (theoretically) be placed: adjectives, ** adverbs, conjunctions, nouns**,** prepositions**,** pronouns**,** ** verbs,** and interjections. See Ch. 16. Parts of speech（词性）: 句子中所有词（理论上）可归入的八个类别：形容词、副词、连词、名词、介词、代词、动词和感叹词**。见第16章。
Passive complements: The complements of passive verbs, including direct objects,** predicate adjectives**, and** ** predicate nominatives: *When Mr. Trump was elected * President, Mother was given time to recover. See Ch. 14. Passive complements（被动补语）: 被动动词的补语，包括直接宾语、谓语形容词和表语：When Mr. Trump was elected President, Mother was given time to recover. 见第14章。
Passive verb: A transitive verb in the passive voice, creating a sentence in which the subject passively receives the action of the verb: The windows were shattered by the explosion. The explosion was caused by unknown circumstances. Compare active verb. See Ch. 14. Passive verb（被动动词）: 处于被动语态的及物动词**，构成主语被动承受动词动作的句子：The windows were shattered by the explosion. The explosion was caused by unknown circumstances. 比较 active verb（主动动词）。见第14章。
Past: The second of the three principal parts of any verb, used to create the** past tense**: e.g., *spoke, sang, shouted. *See Ch. 3. Past（过去式）: 任何动词三个主要形式中的第二个，用于构成一般过去时：例如 spoke, sang, shouted。见第3章。
Past participle: The third of the three** principal parts** of any verb, used with the auxiliary have to create perfect tenses: have spoken, had sung, will have shouted. See Ch. 3. Past participle（过去分词）: 任何动词三个主要形式中的第三个，与助动词 have 连用构成完成时态：have spoken, had sung, will have shouted。见第3章。
Past tense: The tense created with the second of the three principal parts, the past form: e.g., *Yesterday we spoke, we * sang, and we shouted. See Ch. 3. Past tense（过去时态）: 用三个主要形式中的第二个——过去式——构成的时态：例如 Yesterday we spoke, we sang, and we shouted. 见第3章。
Person: A quality of personal pronouns and some other pronouns that indicates that a pronoun refers to the speaker (e.g.,* I, we, myself *in the first person), to the audience (*you, * *yourself *in the second person), or to a third party (*he, she, * *they, themselves *in the third person). Also see case. See Ch. 7. Person（人称）: 人称代词及某些其他代词的属性，表示代词指称说话者（第一人称，如 I, we, myself）、听者（第二人称，如 you, yourself）或第三方（第三人称，如 he, she, they, themselves）。另见 case（格）。见第7章。
Perfect progressive tense: The verb tense consisting of an auxiliary that is some form of have been followed by a main ** verb that is a present participle: *have been explaining, had * *been defining, will have been clarifying. *Compare simple ** progressive tense. See Ch. 3. Perfect progressive tense（完成进行时态）: 由某种形式的助动词 have been 后接作为现在分词的主动词构成的动词时态：have been explaining, had been defining, will have been clarifying. 比较 simple progressive tense（简单进行时态）。见第3章。
Perfect tense: The tenses created with the past participle of a verb, preceded by some form of the auxiliary have. These clauses represent the present perfect, past perfect, and future perfect tenses*:* e.g., *Today we have spoken, earlier we had * spoken, and soon we will have spoken again. See Ch. 3. Perfect tense（完成时态）: 由动词的过去分词前接某种形式的助动词 have 构成的时态：这些时态表示现在完成、过去完成和将来完成：例如 Today we have spoken, earlier we had spoken, and soon we will have spoken again. 见第3章。
Personal pronouns: The most commonly used pronouns, they show number, case, person, and gender: e.g., *I, me, * my; you, yours; she, her, hers. See Ch. 7. Personal pronouns（人称代词）: 最常用的代词，显示数、格、人称和性：例如 I, me, my; you, yours; she, her, hers。见第7章。
Phrasal prepositions: A single preposition consisting of two words: e.g., according to, because of. See Ch. 6. Phrasal prepositions（短语介词）: 由两个词构成的单一介词：例如 according to, because of。见第6章。
Phrasal verb: A main verb consisting of two words, the second of which (called a particle) resembles a preposition: *call in * (to telephone), make up (to reconcile), *take off *(to leave). See Ch. 14, Phrasal verb（短语动词）: 由两个词构成的主动词，第二个词（称小品词）类似介词：call in（打电话）、make up（和解）、take off（离开）。见第14章。
Phrase: A word or series of words used as a single grammatical unit: e.g., a noun phrase or a prepositional phrase. See Ch. 4. Phrase（短语）: 用作单一语法单位的词或一组词：例如名词短语或介词短语。见第4章。
Possessive case: One of the three cases of English personal ** pronouns, marking those used to indicate ownership: e.g., *my, mine; your, yours; his, her, hers, its; *and their, theirs. See Ch. 7. Possessive case（所有格）: 英语人称代词三种格**之一，标记用于表明所有权的代词：例如 my, mine; your, yours; his, her, hers, its; 和 their, theirs。见第7章。
Predicate: That portion of any clause that provides information about the subject, describing the subject or indicating the subject’s actions. Mr. Morton is outrageous. Mr. Morton has broken all the vases. The predicate of any clause contains the complete verb of the sentence, as well as the modifiers and complements of the verb. See complete predicate and simple predicate. See Ch. 1. Predicate（谓语）: 任何从句中提供关于主语信息、描述主语或表明主语动作的部分。Mr. Morton is outrageous. Mr. Morton has broken all the vases. 任何从句的谓语都包含句子的完整动词以及动词的修饰语和补语。见 complete predicate（完整谓语） 和 simple predicate（简单谓语）。见第1章。
Predicate adjective: A complement: An adjective or adjectival phrase that follows a linking verb and describes the subject: Ed is late. See Ch. 8. Predicate adjective（谓语形容词）: 一种补语：跟随连系动词并描述主语的形容词或形容词性短语：Ed is late。见第8章。
Predicate nominative: A complement: A noun, a pronoun, or a nominal phrase or clause that follows a linking verb and describes the subject: *Ed is the chairman. *Sometimes called a *predicate noun. *See Ch. 8. Predicate nominative（表语）: 一种补语：跟随连系动词并描述主语的名词、代词或名词性短语/从句：Ed is the chairman. 有时称 predicate noun（谓语名词）。见第8章。
Preposition: A word that typically precedes the object of a ** preposition (a noun phrase or pronoun) to create a * prepositional phrase, used as an adjectival or adverbial modifier: Some common prepositions are of, in, to, at, with, * and beside. See Ch. 6. Preposition（介词）: 通常位于介词宾语（名词短语或代词）之前、构成介词短语（用作形容词性或副词性修饰语）的词：一些常见介词是 of, in, to, at, with, 和 beside。见第6章。
Prepositional phrase: A phrase constructed with a preposition and an object of a preposition to create an adjectival or adverbial modifier: In a hurry, to school, by nine o’clock. See Ch. 6. Prepositional phrase（介词短语）: 由介词和介词宾语构成、用作形容词性或副词性修饰语的短语：In a hurry, to school, by nine o’clock. 见第6章。
**Prescriptive grammar: **An approach to language that describes how English should be used to conform to the standard dialect of the language. See the Introduction. Prescriptive grammar（规定语法）: 描述英语应如何用以符合语言标准方言的方法。见导言。
Present participle: The fourth principal part of any verb, indicated by the -ing suffix: *reading, listening, thinking. *As a main verb, it is used to create the simple progressive and perfect progressive tenses. See Ch. 3. Present participle（现在分词）: 任何动词的第四种主要形式，以 -ing 后缀表示：reading, listening, thinking。作为主动词，它用于构成简单进行时态和完成进行时态。见第3章。
Principal parts: A conventional way of summarizing the forms of a verb used to create tenses: the present, the past, and the past participle. A fourth, the present participle, is sometimes included. See Ch. 3. Principal parts（主要形式）: 概括用于构成时态的动词形式的惯用方式：现在式、过去式和过去分词。有时也包含第四种——现在分词。见第3章。
**Progressive tense: **See simple progressive and **perfect ** progressive. Progressive tense（进行时态）: 见 simple progressive（简单进行时态） 和 perfect progressive（完成进行时态）。