术语表
Pronoun: A word that typically takes the place of a noun that appears elsewhere in the context, as in Mr. Morton broke * his own vases. See antecedent. One of the eight parts of ** speech. See Ch. 7. 代词：一种通常用来替代上下文中其他地方出现的名词的词，例如*莫顿先生打碎了他自己的花瓶。*参见先行词*。是八大词类之一。见第 7 章。
*Pronoun agreement: The condition of a personal pronoun when its number and gender is consistent with the number and gender of the antecedent: My daughter actually did her * homework. See Ch. 7. 代词一致：当人称代词的数和性与其先行词的数和性保持一致时的状态，例如*我女儿确实做了她自己的作业。*见第 7 章。
Proper noun: A noun that refers to a specific person, place, thing, or idea. In English proper nouns are typically capitalized: Springfield, Illinois, Lincoln. Compare common noun. See Ch. 15. 专有名词：指特定的人、地点、事物或观念的名词。在英语中，专有名词通常首字母大写，例如斯普林菲尔德、伊利诺伊州、林肯。比较普通名词。见第 15 章。
Reciprocal Pronoun: The pronouns *each other and one * another. See Ch. 19. **相互代词：**指代 each other 与 one another 的代词。见第 19 章。
Reflexive pronoun: A compound pronoun made up of a personal pronoun and –self, used for emphasis: *I myself saw * *it happen. Ask Ruthie to do it herself. *In an active voice sentence, reflexive pronouns can be used to indicate an action performed by the subject of the sentence upon the subject: *Mr. * *Morton hurt himself. See Ch. 19. 反身代词：由人称代词加 –self 构成的复合代词，用于强调，例如我自己看到了事情的发生。让鲁西自己做。*在主动语态句中，反身代词可用来表示由句子的主语施加于主语自身的动作，例如*莫顿先生伤到了自己。*见第 19 章。
Regular adjective: An adjective whose comparison is formed using only the -er and -est suffixes or the adverbs more and most. The comparison *silly, sillier, silliest is regular. *Compare irregular adjective. See Ch. 4. 规则形容词：其比较级仅通过 -er 和 -est 后缀或副词 more 和 most 来构成的形容词。比较 silly, sillier, silliest 是规则的。比较不规则形容词。见第 4 章。
Regular adverb: An adverb whose comparison is formed using only the -er and -est suffixes or the adverbs more and most. The comparison erratically, more erratically, most * erratically is regular. *Compare irregular adverb. See Ch. 5. 规则副词：其比较级仅通过 -er 和 -est 后缀或副词 more 和 most 来构成的副词。比较 erratically, more erratically, most erratically 是规则的。比较不规则副词。见第 5 章。
Regular verb: A verb whose principal parts follow a predictable pattern: The past and past participle forms are identical,
and both end in* -d* (or, in a few cases, -t). Examples: *juggle, * juggled, have juggled. Compare irregular verb. See Ch. 3. 规则动词：其主要动词形式遵循可预测模式的动词：过去式与过去分词形式相同，且都以 -d 结尾（少数情况下以 -t 结尾）。例如：juggle, juggled, have juggled。比较不规则动词。见第 3 章。
Relative adverb: The adverbs where and when, used to create relative clauses that modify nouns of place or time: *Lamar, * Missouri, is the little town where Harry S. Truman was born. * I was born on April 12, the day when Truman was born. See Ch. 11. **关系副词：**副词 where 与 when，用于构成修饰地点或时间名词的关系从句，例如密苏里州拉马尔是哈里·S·杜鲁门出生的小镇。我出生于 4 月 12 日，杜鲁门出生的那一天。*见第 11 章。
Relative clause: An adjectival dependent clause that is joined to another clause by a relative pronoun or** relative adverb**: That is the idiot who broke all my vases. He will not live to see * the day when I let him in my house again. See Chs. 11 and 13. 关系从句：由关系代词或关系副词连接到另一从句的形容词性从属从句，例如那个打碎我所有花瓶的白痴。他活不到我再次让他进我家的那一天。*见第 11、13 章。
*Relative pronoun: The pronouns who, whom whose, that, * and which, which appear at or near the beginning of a relative ** clause, as in this sentence. See Ch. 11. 关系代词：出现在关系从句开头或附近、即本句中所用的代词 who, whom, whose, that, 和 which。见第 11 章。
Restrictive appositive: An appositive that restricts (or limits) the meaning of the noun it renames. It is not enclosed in commas: My friend Luis will drive us to the airport. You have many friends, so Luis restricts the reference of friend. Compare non-restrictive appositive. See Ch. 15. 限定性同位语：对其所重命名的名词的意义起限制（或缩小）作用的同位语。它不用逗号隔开，例如：我的朋友路易斯会开车送我们去机场。你有很多朋友，因此路易斯限制了friend（朋友）的所指。比较非限定性同位语。见第 15 章。
**Restrictive phrase or clause: **A structure that modifies a noun and restricts (or limits) its reference. These structures are usually not set off from the noun by commas, as with this relative clause: Bring me the rake that is in the garage. (Here the situation is that there is more than one rake, and the speaker wants a specific one; the relative clause restricts
the range of reference of rake.) Compare non-restrictive ** phrase or clause. The term restrictive is also applied to appositives. See Chs. 11 and 15. **限定性短语或从句：**修饰名词并限制（或缩小）其所指的结构。这类结构通常不用逗号与名词隔开，如下面的关系从句：把车库里那把耙子拿给我。（此处情境是存在不止一把耙子，说话人想要特定的一把；该关系从句限制了rake（耙子）的所指范围。）比较非限定性短语或从句**。restrictive（限定性）一词也用于同位语。见第 11、15 章。
**Sentence: A unit of language that contains at least one ** independent clause; sentences are the usual focus of grammatical study. See the Introduction and Ch. 10. 句子：包含至少一个独立从句的语言单位；句子是语法研究的通常对象。见导言与第 10 章。
Sentence modifier: A phrase or clause that indicates the writer’s attitude or intention about the sentence that contains the modifier; they often resemble adverbs: Tragically, we’re * nowhere near the end of this glossary. See Ch. 10. 句子修饰语：表明作者对其所在句子的态度或意图的短语或从句；它们通常类似副词，例如可悲的是，我们离这本术语表的结尾还远着呢。*见第 10 章。
Sentence structure: A term that often refers to the type and number of clauses a sentence contains, classifying it accordingly as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex. But the term is also used for other features of a sentence: e.g., parallel structure or periodic structure. See the Introduction and Ch. 10. 句子结构：一个通常指句子所包含从句的类型与数量的术语，据此将句子划分为简单句、并列句、复合句或并列复合句。但该术语也用于句子的其他特征，例如平行结构或圆周结构。见导言与第 10 章。
Simple predicate: The simple predicate consists only of the main verb and its auxiliary verbs, excluding any modifiers or complements. In the preceding sentence, the simple predicate is *consists. *See Ch. 1. 简单谓语：简单谓语仅由主要动词及其助动词构成，不包括任何修饰语或补语。在前一句中，简单谓语是 consists。见第 1 章。
Simple progressive tense: Also called the progressive tense. The verb tense consisting of an auxiliary that is some form of be followed by a main verb that is a present participle: *am * explaining, was defining, will be clarifying. Compare perfect ** progressive tense. See Ch. 3. 简单进行时态：又称进行时态。由某种形式的 be 作助动词，后接作为现在分词的主要动词构成的动词时态，例如am explaining, was defining, will be clarifying。比较完成进行时态。见第 3 章。
Simple sentence: A sentence consisting of just one independent clause and no dependent clauses: *Mr. * Morton juggles. See also compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences. See Ch. 10. 简单句：仅由一个独立从句构成、不含从属从句的句子，例如莫顿先生玩杂耍。另见并列句、复合句与并列复合句。见第 10 章。
Simple subject: The noun phrase or pronoun that indicates what (or whom) the clause is about, excluding modifiers or other associated structures: *Little Ruthie, the girl next door, is * learning the bagpipes. *The girl next door, that Ruthie, is driving * me crazy. See complete subject and predicate. See Ch. 1. 简单主语：表明从句所谈论对象（什么或谁）的名词短语或代词，不包括修饰语或其他相关结构，例如*小鲁西，隔壁那个女孩，正在学风笛。隔壁那个女孩，那个鲁西，快把我逼疯了。*参见完整主语与谓语。见第 1 章。
Simple tenses: The past, present, and future tenses of a verb, in contrast to the perfect and progressive tenses: *I juggle; I * juggled, I will juggle. See Ch. 3. 简单时态：动词的过去、现在和将来时态，与完成时态和进行时态相对，例如*I juggle; I juggled, I will juggle.*见第 3 章。
Subject: That portion of any clause that states what the clause is about: Mr. Morton is outrageous. Mr. Morton has broken all the vases. The complete subject of any clause typically contains a noun or pronoun (or some nominal structure) as well as modifiers of the noun. See complete subject and simple subject. See Ch. 1. 主语：任何从句中陈述该从句所谈论对象的部分：莫顿先生很离谱。莫顿先生打碎了所有的花瓶。任何从句的完整主语通常包含一个名词或代词（或某种名词性结构）以及该名词的修饰语。参见完整主语与简单主语。见第 1 章。
**Subject complement: Another common term for the predicate ** adjective and predicate nominative. 主语补足语：****谓语形容词与谓语名词的另一种常用说法。
**Subject-verb agreement: **The condition of a verb when it is consistent with the number and person of the subject of the verb: *I juggle, he juggles, they juggle. See Ch. 2. **主谓一致：**动词与其主语的数和人称保持一致时的状态，例如I juggle, he juggles, they juggle.*见第 2 章。
Subjunctive mood: The mood of verbs in clauses about hypothetical situations (e.g., wishes, prayers, and speculations), often combined with conditional mood clause: *If I were * you, I’d stop juggling. See Ch. 20. 虚拟语气：用于表达假设情境（如愿望、祈祷和猜测）的从句中动词的语气，常与条件语气从句连用，例如If I were you, I’d stop juggling（如果我是你，我就不玩杂耍了）。见第 20 章。
Subordinate clause: An adverbial dependent clause that begins with a subordinating conjunction. *Before Ruthie * took up the bagpipes, Mr. Lochenhocher was a happy man. See Chs. 9 and 13. 从属从句：以从属连词开头的状语性从属从句，例如在鲁西学风笛之前，洛亨霍克先生是个快乐的人。见第 9、13 章。
Subordinating conjunction: A class of conjunctions that join an independent clause with a dependent clause to create a complex or compound-complex sentence.* *Compare coordinating conjunction and subordinate clause. See Ch. 9. 从属连词：一类连词，用于将独立从句与从属从句连接，构成复合句或并列复合句。比较并列连词与从属从句。见第 9 章。
Tag Question: A tag question is added to the end of a declarative ** sentence with a comma, and it repeats the auxiliary verb and the subject of the declarative. If the declarative is positive (You did forget your textbooks), the tag question is negative (didn’t you?). If the declarative is negative (I won’t need them), the tag is positive (will I?). See Ch. 10. 附加疑问句：附加疑问句以逗号加在陈述句末尾，重复该陈述句的助动词**和主语。若陈述句为肯定（You did forget your textbooks），附加疑问句则为否定（didn’t you?）；若陈述句为否定（I won’t need them），附加疑问句则为肯定（will I?）。见第 10 章。
Tense: The quality of verbs, signaled by inflections and auxiliaries, that indicates the point in time when the action took place: e.g., past, present, or future. See simple, perfect, ** and progressive tenses. See Ch. 3. 时态：****动词的一种属性，由屈折变化和助动词标示，表示动作发生的时间点，如过去、现在或将来。参见简单时态**、完成时态与进行时态。见第 3 章。
**Three principal parts: **See **principal **parts, and Ch. 3. 三个主要形式：见主要动词形式，以及第 3 章。
Transitive verb: A verb that is performing an action upon a direct object in an active voice sentence, or performing an action upon the subject in a passive voice sentence. See Ch. 8. 及物动词：在主动语态句中对其直接宾语施加动作的动词，或在被动语态句中对其主语施加动作的动词。见第 8 章。
Transposed order: Describes a declarative sentence in which the subject appears after the predicate: *Quietly rose * the sun. Gently fell the vases. See Ch. 1. 倒装语序：描述主语出现在谓语 之后 的陈述句，例如*太阳悄然升起。花瓶轻轻落下。*见第 1 章。
Verb: One of the eight parts of speech, verbs indicate actions (e.g., read, write, walk, drive, think, consider) or states of being (e.g., become, seem, and forms of be). Verbs are often said to be the most important part of the sentence because they contain so much information (e.g., tense, voice, mood, as well as the state of being or action expressed in the main verb), and because they are a locus for other important structures (adverbials and complements). See Chs. 2, 3, 8, and 14. 动词：八大词类之一，动词表示动作（如 read, write, walk, drive, think, consider）或存在状态（如 become, seem 以及 be 的各种形式）。动词常被认为是最重要的句子成分，因为它们包含大量信息（如时态、语态、语气，以及主要动词所表达的存在状态或动作），并且它们是其他重要结构（状语与补语）的依附之处。见第 2、3、8、14 章。
Verbal: A verb form used for another function, as a noun, adjective, or adverb. There are three kinds: the gerund, ** infinitive, and participle. See Chs. 17 and 18. 动词性形式：一种用作其他功能（如名词、形容词或副词）的动词形式。共有三种：动名词、不定式与分词**。见第 17、18 章。
Voice: A term applied to transitive verbs and the sentences that contain them: These verbs and sentences are said to be in the active voice or the passive voice, depending on the expressed relationship between the subject of the sentence and its verb: Is the subject *actively *performing the action (*Mr. * *Morton juggled the vases) or passively receiving it (The vases * were juggled by Mr. Morton)? See Ch. 14. 语态：用于及物动词及其所构成句子的术语：根据句子主语与其动词之间所表达的关系，这些动词和句子被称为处于主动语态或被动语态，即主语是主动实施动作（莫顿先生抛接了花瓶）还是被动承受动作（花瓶被莫顿先生抛接）？见第 14 章。