Chapter 7¶

You and I and the Personal Pronouns 人称代词（personal pronoun）：你和我

Have we got a chapter for you. We've seen that nouns can be the simple subjects in sentences. There is another kind of word that can be a simple subject (and can play other roles in a sentence). It's the pronoun: a word that takes the place of a noun that appeared earlier in the context.

我们为你准备好了一章内容。我们已经看到名词可以是句子中的简单主语。还有另一种词也可以做简单主语（并且可以在句子中扮演其他角色）。这就是代词（pronoun）：一个代替先前在上下文中出现的名词的词。

Common English pronouns include I, me, mine, you, yours, he, she, it, him, her, his, hers, and others.

常见的英语代词包括 I、me、mine、you、yours、he、she、it、him、her、his、hers 等。

When a pronoun takes the place of a noun, the noun replaced is called the antecedent of the pronoun. The antecedent usually appears before (ante-) its pronoun.

当代词代替一个名词时，被代替的名词称为代词的先行词（antecedent）。先行词通常出现在其代词之前（ante-）。

In the sentences that follow, the pronouns are underlined. Not all of them are subjects:

在下列句子中，代词加了下划线。并非所有代词都是主语：

Gershwin composed. He composed. (Gershwin is the antecedent of He. / Gershwin 是 He 的先行词。)

George loves Ethel. He loves her. (George is the antecedent of He, and Ethel is the antecedent of her. / George 是 He 的先行词，Ethel 是 her 的先行词。)

Pearl painted Mr. Morton's porch. She painted his porch. (Pearl is the antecedent of She, and Mr. Morton is the antecedent of his. / Pearl 是 She 的先行词，Mr. Morton 是 his 的先行词。)

She enjoyed painting it. (Porch is the antecedent of it. / Porch 是 it 的先行词。)

THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS 人称代词

There are thousands of nouns in English but only a few dozen pronouns, and those we use most are called the personal pronouns. All of the pronouns in the sentences above, and all that we discuss in this chapter, are personal pronouns.

英语中有成千上万个名词，但只有几十个代词，而我们使用最多的那些称为人称代词。上面句子中的所有代词，以及我们在本章中讨论的所有代词，都是人称代词。

The following tables contain all of the personal pronouns in English, organized according to their several characteristics:

以下表格包含英语中所有的人称代词，按照它们的几个特征进行了组织：

Singular Personal Pronouns（单数人称代词）

Notice that the third-person singular pronouns also have gender: he, she, or it.

请注意，第三人称单数代词也有性（gender）：he、she 或 it。

Plural Personal Pronouns（复数人称代词）

Notice that the possessive pronouns like yours, hers, and theirs don't contain apostrophes. The tables also show us that all personal pronouns are classified by number, singular or plural.

请注意，像 yours、hers 和 theirs 这样的所有格代词不包含撇号。这些表格还告诉我们，所有人称代词都按数（number）分类，单数或复数。

PRONOUNS AND PERSON 代词与人称

All personal pronouns are also classified by person. If you're referring to yourself with pronouns, you use first-person pronouns: I, me, my, and mine, or the plural forms we, us, our(s).

所有人称代词也按人称分类。如果你用代词指称自己，你使用第一人称代词（first-person pronoun）：I、me、my 和 mine，或者复数形式 we、us、our(s)。

If you're referring to the person you're speaking with, you use second-person pronouns: you and your(s). The plural forms are the same.

如果你指称与你说话的人，你使用第二人称代词（second-person pronoun）：you 和 your(s)。复数形式相同。

If you're referring to another person outside the conversation, you use third-person pronouns: he, she, it; him, her, it; and his, her, its (or the plurals they, them, their, and theirs)

如果你指称会话之外的另一个人，你使用第三人称代词（third-person pronoun）：he、she、it；him、her、it；以及 his、her、its（或复数形式 they、them、their 和 theirs）。

The third-person singular pronouns are also classified by gender: masculine (he, him, his), feminine (she, her, hers), and neuter (it, its).

第三人称单数代词也按性分类：阳性（masculine，he、him、his）、阴性（feminine，she、her、hers）和中性（neuter，it、its）。

PRONOUNS AND CASE 代词与格

Finally, we classify personal pronouns by cases: the nominative case, the possessive case, and the objective case. These terms are used all the time in discussions of language, so it's helpful to understand them. They refer to the forms of the pronouns that we use in certain positions in a sentence.

最后，我们按格（case）来分类人称代词：主格（nominative case）、所有格（possessive case）和宾格（objective case）。这些术语在语言讨论中一直使用，所以理解它们很有帮助。它们指代我们在句子中特定位置上使用的代词形式。

The pronouns in the nominative case are the ones we use as subjects:

主格代词是我们用作主语的代词：

I talked to Mr. Morton. You talked to Mr. Morton. He talked to Mr. Morton. She talked to Mr. Morton. We talked to Mr. Morton. They talked to Mr. Morton, too, but he is still juggling vases.

The pronouns in the possessive case are used to indicate possession, and most of the possessive pronouns have two forms:

所有格代词用于表示拥有关系，大多数所有格代词有两种形式：

Hey, that's my vase. (Or, That vase is mine.) Hey, that's your vase. (Or, That vase is yours.) Hey, that's his vase. (That vase is his.) Hey, that's her vase. (Or, That vase is hers.) Hey, that's our vase. (Or, That vase is ours.) Hey, that's their vase. (Or, That vase is theirs.)

Notice that there are no apostrophes in these -s possessives, or in its. This frequently confuses inexperienced writers. Apostrophes show possession only with nouns: yours, ours, theirs, but children's, women's, Ruthie's, Pearl's, Mr. Morton's.

请注意，这些以 -s 结尾的所有格以及 its 中没有撇号。这经常使缺乏经验的作者感到困惑。撇号仅在名词中表示所有：yours、ours、theirs，但 children's、women's、Ruthie's、Pearl's、Mr. Morton's。

The pronouns in the objective case are used for almost every other purpose in a sentence. For example, when pronouns are the objects of prepositions, they are always in the objective case:

宾格代词用于句子中几乎每一个其他目的。例如，当代词是介词宾语时，它们总是处于宾格：

I gave the book to Julie. I gave it to her. Mike said that I can ride with him. Give the vase to me. Give it to us. Give it to them.

If we're native speakers of English, we typically use the correct cases naturally. What we may have trouble remembering, as students of grammar, are terms for the three cases and the forms they describe. If you need to, you can learn this simple test sentence to help you remember the terms for the three cases of pronouns:

如果我们是英语母语者，我们通常自然地使用正确的格。作为语法学生，我们可能难以记住的是这三种格的术语及其描述的形式。如果需要，你可以学习这个简单的测试句，帮助你记住代词三种格的术语：

N took O to P's house.

Here, obviously, N, O, and P stand for the three cases: nominative, objective, and possessive. Insert the right pronoun in each position, and you will know the case of the pronouns in question:

这里，N、O 和 P 显然代表三种格：主格、宾格和所有格。在每个位置插入正确的代词，你就会知道所讨论代词的格：

He took her to their house. They took us to her house. We took them to his house.

In each case, the first pronoun is nominative, the second objective, and the third possessive.

在每种情况下，第一个代词是主格，第二个是宾格，第三个是所有格。

The personal pronouns are the most important pronouns in English. We'll examine other kinds later.

人称代词是英语中最重要的代词。我们稍后将考察其他种类。

BE TENSE! 注意 be 的时态！

Because we're learning about the matter of person in this chapter, it seems like a good time to return to verbs briefly, and to one in particular.

因为我们在本章学习人称的问题，所以这似乎是简要回顾动词，特别是其中一个动词的好时机。

The verb to be is the most frequently used verb in English, and it's also the most irregular verb. Because its irregular forms are tied up with the matter of person, we'll examine be in detail here.

动词 to be 是英语中使用最频繁的动词，也是最不规则的动词。因为它的不规则形式与人称问题密切相关，我们将在这里详细考察 be。

These are the simple tenses of be. Notice how the forms change in the first, second, and third person, as well as in the singular and plural:

以下是 be 的简单时态（simple tense）。请注意形式在第一、第二和第三人称以及单数和复数中如何变化：

Singular（单数）

Plural（复数）

Notice that the second-person forms are identical in the singular and plural. Notice, too, that there is great variety in the singular tenses, which use six different forms (am, are, is, was, were, and be), but the plurals are more consistent.

请注意，第二人称形式在单数和复数中是相同的。也请注意，单数时态有很大的变化，使用了六种不同形式（am、are、is、was、were 和 be），但复数形式更加一致。

As we move from the simple tenses to the tenses that require more auxiliaries, there is less variation in be. For that reason, we'll look only at the singular in the following tenses.

当我们从简单时态转向需要更多助动词的时态时，be 的变化较少。因此，我们将在以下时态中仅考察单数形式。

These are the perfect tenses of be:

以下是 be 的完成时态（perfect tense）：

Singular（单数）

In the perfect tense, the main verb is always the past participle, been, and the auxiliaries have, had, and has show tense and number in every tense but the future.

在完成时态中，主动词始终是过去分词（past participle）been，而助动词 have、had 和 has 在除将来时外的每种时态中显示时态和数。

These are the progressive tenses of be:

以下是 be 的进行时态（progressive tense）：

Singular（单数）

Notice here and in the perfect progressive tense (which is below) that the main verb is always being. But the first auxiliary verb in these tenses show considerable variation: am, are, is, was, and were.

请注意，这里以及在完成进行时态中（见下），主动词始终是 being。但这些时态中的第一个助动词显示出相当大的变化：am、are、is、was 和 were。

These are the perfect progressive tenses of be:

以下是 be 的完成进行时态（perfect progressive tense）：

Singular（单数）

POINTS FOR WRITERS 写作要点

1. Use objective case pronouns as objects of prepositions. 使用宾格代词作为介词宾语。

Sometimes you see nominative case pronouns used as objects of the prepositions:

有时你会看到主格代词被用作介词宾语：

WRONG: Between Bob and I, we'll get the job done. WRONG: Give the responsibility to Susan and I.

But the nominative case is never right in this position. Always use the objective case as the object of the preposition:

但主格在这个位置永远不正确。始终使用宾格作为介词宾语：

Between Bob and me, we'll get the job done. Give the report to Susan and me.

In the second example, you can make certain that you have the right pronoun by leaving out Susan: Give the report to me. If me is right in that sentence, it's also right when used in to Susan and me.

在第二个示例中，你可以通过去掉 Susan 来确保你用了正确的代词：Give the report to me。如果 me 在那个句子中是正确的，那么在 to Susan and me 中使用也是正确的。

In both sentences, plural pronouns like us could also work in place of the two objects, but the pronouns must still be in the objective case.

在两个句子中，像 us 这样的复数代词也可以代替两个宾语，但代词仍然必须处于宾格。

By the way, there is no grammatical reason to put me last in the two examples above; it's a matter of courtesy. And courtesy is important, too.

顺便说一下，在上面的两个例子中将 me 放在最后没有语法上的理由；这是礼貌问题。而礼貌也很重要。

2. Use pronoun gender carefully. 谨慎使用代词性别。

The third-person singular pronouns (he, she, it, and the others) can be troublesome. Consider this passage:

第三人称单数代词（he、she、it 等）可能令人困扰。考虑这段文字：

Each physician should submit his credentials to the hospital's human resources department. Each nurse must submit her credentials, too.

In the past, these sentences may have been completely acceptable to most readers and editors. As you know, they are not acceptable today. Most readers and editors object to the apparent assumption that all physicians are men and all nurses are women.

在过去，这些句子可能对大多数读者和编辑是完全可接受的。如你所知，今天它们是不可接受的。大多数读者和编辑反对那种认为所有医生都是男性、所有护士都是女性的明显假设。

Today the usual way to avoid this problem, and the way we recommend in most cases, is to make the sentence plural:

如今避免这个问题的常用方式，也是我们在大多数情况下推荐的方式，是将句子变为复数：

All physicians and nurses must submit their credentials to the hospital's human resources department.

Sometimes we can omit pronouns altogether:

有时我们可以完全省略代词：

All physicians and nurses must submit credentials ...

Other ways, like the use of his or her or his/her, are possible, but some editors regard them as awkward or wordy.

其他方式，如使用 his or her 或 his/her，是可能的，但一些编辑认为它们别扭或啰唆。

There's still another way. Today they, them, and their are sometimes used as singular pronouns, when you don't know the gender of the antecedent:

还有另一种方式。如今，当不知道先行词的性别时，they、them 和 their 有时被用作单数代词：

Tell your doctor to send me their diagnosis of your case.

Some people approve, and some don't, so (in certain professional contexts) tread carefully and consider the context. Again, you can rewrite the sentence to sidestep the entire issue: Send me the diagnosis ...

有些人赞同，有些人不赞同，因此（在某些专业语境中）谨慎行事并考虑语境。同样，你可以重写句子以完全回避这个问题：Send me the diagnosis ...

3. Avoid pronoun ambiguity. 避免代词歧义。

Used carelessly, pronouns can be confusing.

使用不慎时，代词可能令人困惑。

CONFUSING（含混）: The speaker discussed the causes of the recession, but I didn't understand it at all. BETTER（更好）: In his speech, the speaker discussed the causes of the recession, but I didn't understand him at all. BETTER（更好）: The speaker discussed the causes of the recession in his speech, but I didn't understand it at all.

These three sentences demonstrate the importance of selecting the right pronouns for your context. This is called pronoun agreement. When writers neglect pronoun agreement, they often confuse their readers.

这三个句子显示了为语境选择正确代词的重要性。这称为代词一致（pronoun agreement）。当作者忽视代词一致时，他们常常使读者困惑。

Here are two more examples of pronoun ambiguity. In these sentences, what is the antecedent of she?

以下是代词歧义的另外两个示例。在这些句子中，she 的先行词是什么？

Sally's mother has collected dolls since she was twelve years old. Sally told her mother that she was too old to play with dolls.

The reader shouldn't have to guess who she is. It's usually easy to rewrite the sentences to avoid ambiguity:

读者不应该不得不猜测 she 是谁。通常很容易重写句子以避免歧义：

Sally's mother has collected dolls for twenty-three years. Sally thought that her mother was too old to play with dolls and told her so. (Sally is asking for trouble. / Sally 是在自找麻烦。)

4. Maintain a consistent point of view. 保持一致的视角。

That is, don't change pronouns unnecessarily. Consider the confused point of view in this paragraph:

也就是说，不要不必要地更换代词。考虑这段文字中混乱的视角：

When you have worked with adolescents for a few months, you will know what to expect. People who work with adolescents learn quickly what problems they will encounter in most situations. You get to know how they think.

Don't shift point of view without a good reason. Be consistent in your use of pronouns. Use third person or, when reasonable, first person, or a careful combination of first and third. Use second person (you) when it makes sense to address the reader directly.

没有充分理由不要转换视角。在使用代词时保持一致。使用第三人称，或在合理时使用第一人称，或第一和第三人称的谨慎组合。当直接称呼读者有意义时，使用第二人称（you）。

Here's an improved version of the same paragraph:

以下是同一段文字的改进版本：

After you have worked with adolescents for a few months, you will know what to expect. You will quickly learn what problems you will encounter in most situations. You will get to know how they think.

Inexperienced writers sometimes overuse the second-person pronouns, but it is usually acceptable in instructions like the passage above, or in personal communications like letters and emails. The second-person is also useful in establishing a more informal, conversational tone, as we have done in these chapters.

缺乏经验的作者有时过度使用第二人称代词，但在如上文这样的说明中，或在像信件和电子邮件这样的个人通信中，通常是可以接受的。第二人称在建立更非正式、对话式的语气方面也很有用，正如我们在这些章节中所做的那样。

It is also grammatical to use the indefinite pronoun one in passages like this:

在这样的段落中使用不定代词（indefinite pronoun）one 也是合乎语法的：

After one has worked with adolescents for a few months, one will know what to expect. One quickly learns what problems will be encountered in most situations.

This use of one is now often seen as excessively formal and impersonal, and even awkward. Using you is usually a better idea.

这种 one 的用法现在常常被视为过于正式和非个人化，甚至别扭。使用 you 通常是更好的主意。

5. Use pronouns precisely. 精确使用代词。

Using they, you, and it imprecisely is often a symptom of careless writing:

不精确地使用 they、you 和 it 常常是粗心写作的症候：

WRONG: They don't allow you to build fires in the city park. BETTER: The city doesn't allow anyone to build fires in the city park.

WRONG: It says in the letter that your band, Noise Pollution, is banned from performing in the city limits. BETTER: The City Council says in its letter that your band, Noise Pollution, is banned from performing in the city limits.

EXERCISES 练习

7a. In this exercise, you need to write five versions of the same short sentence. Each version will use a different pronoun.

在本练习中，你需要写出同一个短句的五个版本。每个版本将使用一个不同的代词。

First read the pronouns in the parentheses after each sentence. Then, for each pronoun, find the correct case to insert into the blank. Consult the pronoun tables in this chapter if you need to.

首先阅读每个句子后面括号中的代词。然后，为每个代词找到正确的格以填入空白。如有需要，请查阅本章中的代词表格。

Example（示例）: Give the book to _____. (I, he, we, they, she) Give the book to me. Give the book to him. Give the book to us. Give the book to them. Give the book to her.

As you can see, to complete the sentence, you needed the objective case for each of the requested pronouns (I, he, we, they, she).

如你所见，要完成句子，你需要为每个要求的代词（I、he、we、they、she）使用宾格。

Use the objective case in these sentences（在以下句子中使用宾格）:

1. You can go with _____. (I, he, we, they, she)
2. We will take _____ to the mall. (he, she, they, you)

Use the nominative case in this sentence（在以下句子中使用主格）:

1. _____ can go with me. (him, her, you, them, us)

Use the possessive case in these sentences（在以下句子中使用所有格）:

1. That book isn't yours. It's _____. (I, he, we, they, she)
2. We won't go to your place. We'll go to _____ place. (I, he, we, they, she)

7b. Write the pronoun that is specified by the terms. Usually only one pronoun is possible for each exercise. Consult the pronoun tables when you need to.

写出由以下术语指定的代词。通常每个练习只有一个可能的代词。需要时查阅代词表格。

Example（示例）: First-person nominative singular（第一人称主格单数）: I Second-person possessive（第二人称所有格）: your, yours Masculine third-person objective singular（阳性第三人称宾格单数）: him

1. First-person objective singular（第一人称宾格单数）:
2. First-person objective plural（第一人称宾格复数）:
3. Second-person nominative singular (or plural)（第二人称主格单数或复数）:
4. Feminine third-person nominative singular（阴性第三人称主格单数）:
5. Third-person nominative plural（第三人称主格复数）:
6. Third-person objective singular (masculine)（第三人称宾格单数，阳性）:
7. Third-person objective plural（第三人称宾格复数）:
8. First-person nominative plural（第一人称主格复数）:
9. First-person possessive singular（第一人称所有格单数）:
10. Neuter third-person nominative singular（中性第三人称主格单数）:

7c. Classify the following pronouns according to person (first-, second-, or third-person), case (nominative, objective, or possessive), and number (singular or plural). With the third-person singular pronouns, also classify gender (masculine, feminine, or neuter). Consult the tables when necessary.

根据人称（第一、第二或第三人称）、格（主格、宾格或所有格）和数（单数或复数）对以下代词进行分类。对于第三人称单数代词，还要按性（阳性、阴性或中性）分类。必要时查阅表格。

Examples（示例）: I (First-person nominative singular / 第一人称主格单数) Me (First-person objective singular / 第一人称宾格单数)

1. My
2. He
3. Him
4. Its
5. Yours
6. We
7. Us
8. Our
9. They
10. Them

7d. In the following sentences, identify and correct carelessly used pronouns. Some sentences may require some rewriting, and some of the underscored pronouns are correct. In some cases, there may be more than one way to rewrite the sentence.

在以下句子中，找出并纠正使用不慎的代词。有些句子可能需要一些重写，有些加下划线的代词是正确的。在某些情况下，可能有不止一种方式来重写句子。

1. If anyone sees a problem, he should report it immediately.
2. Neither excessive heat nor cold will damage the crop unless they last for weeks.
3. Its time to study grammar.
4. If people want to do well in this course, you should be prepared to work hard.
5. Each of these books has their correct place on the shelves.
6. Jim helped Jerry get to his apartment.
7. A medical doctor needs to know her science well.
8. Our dog has something in it's paw.
9. The tires need replacing and it needs a new transmission, but I only paid five hundred dollars for it.
10. As the bicyclists sped by the crowd, some of them nearly hit them.

7e. Complete the following tables for the simple tenses of the verb to be. Some subjects have been provided.

完成以下动词 to be 简单时态的表格。已提供了一些主语。

Simple tenses（简单时态）:

Singular（单数）

Plural（复数）

7f. Complete the following table for the perfect tenses of the verb to be. Also provide pronouns as subjects of the verbs.

完成以下动词 to be 完成时态的表格。同时提供代词作为动词的主语。

Singular（单数）

7g. Complete the following tables for the progressive and perfect progressive tenses of the verb to be. Also provide pronouns as subjects of the verbs.

完成以下动词 to be 进行时态和完成进行时态的表格。同时提供代词作为动词的主语。

Progressive（进行时态）

Singular（单数）

Perfect Progressive（完成进行时态）

Singular（单数）