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Chapter 16

Zowie! 不得了！ Interjections and the Eight Parts of Speech 感叹词（interjection）与八大词类（part of speech）

The interjection is a common grammatical category, and a simple one, for any word or group of words that we use to express shock, surprise, pain, joy, admiration, and a wide range of other feelings and responses.

感叹词是一个常见的语法范畴，而且是一个简单的范畴，指我们用来表达震惊、惊讶、痛苦、喜悦、钦佩以及其他各种情感和反应的任何词或词组。

INTERJECTIONS 感叹词

Interjections are used by themselves or as part of a sentence:

感叹词可以单独使用，也可以作为句子的一部分：

Good grief!（天哪！） Cool!（酷！） Oh, no!（哦，不！） My.（哎呀。） What now?（现在又怎么了？）

Interjections have no distinctive form. They can be single words or longer phrases; they can be joined to sentences by commas or dashes, or they can stand independently, ending with periods, question marks, or exclamation marks:

感叹词没有独特的形式。它们可以是单个词或更长的短语；它们可以用逗号或破折号连接到句子，也可以独立存在，以句号、问号或感叹号结尾：

What the heck?（什么鬼？） Well, great.（嗯，很好。） Wow!（哇！） Oy!（哎哟！）

Some interjections serve social purposes: greetings (Hello, Goodbye); pauses (Let's see, Well . . .); politeness (Please, Thanks); or agreement or disagreement (Yes, No, Yeah, Nah, Maybe, Sure! Says you! Yeah, right! Baloney!).

有些感叹词用于社交目的：问候（Hello, Goodbye）；停顿（Let's see, Well . . .）；礼貌（Please, Thanks）；或同意与不同意（Yes, No, Yeah, Nah, Maybe, Sure! Says you! Yeah, right! Baloney!）。

Some interjections are the kinds of words you use when you drop a hammer on your foot---the words your mother told you to stop using. (You know the words we mean.)

有些感叹词是那种你让锤子砸到脚时使用的词——你妈妈叫你不要再说的那些词。（你知道我们指的那些词。）

Other interjections are not even actual words, but merely sounds that have become conventional ways to express things: Ouch! Yikes! Sheesh! Oof! Oops! Hubba-hubba! Whoopee! and, in the upper Midwestern states, Uff-da! They are generally easy to recognize.

另一些感叹词甚至不是实际的词，而仅仅是已经成为表达事情的约定俗成方式的声音：Ouch! Yikes! Sheesh! Oof! Oops! Hubba-hubba! Whoopee! 以及在中西部偏北各州，Uff-da! 它们通常很容易识别。

The most important thing to know about interjections is that, although they are useful for self-expression and social interaction, they play no grammatical role in the sentence. In analyzing the grammar of a sentence, you can disregard the interjections.

关于感叹词，最重要的一点是：虽然它们对自我表达和社交互动有用，但它们在句子中不扮演任何语法角色。在分析句子语法时，你可以忽略感叹词。

Some grammar books classify some of these words as adverbs, though they clearly do not modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. (Some could arguably be sentence modifiers, which we'll examine in Chapter 20.) For our purposes, calling them interjections is sufficient.

一些语法书将其中一些词归为副词，尽管它们显然不修饰动词、形容词或其他副词。（有些可能可以认为是句子修饰语，我们将在第 20 章中考察。）就我们的目的而言，称它们为感叹词就足够了。

THE EIGHT PARTS OF SPEECH 八大词类

The eight parts of speech belong to that body of general knowledge all educated people are supposed to possess---like the three branches of government, the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, the five Marx Brothers, the six basic nutrients, the Seven Deadly Sins, and all nine of the eight planets.

八大词类属于所有受教育者都应该拥有的通识知识体系的一部分——就像政府三权分立、天启四骑士、五个马克思兄弟、六种基本营养素、七宗罪，以及八大行星的全部九颗。

In other words, they're an essential idea in the study of language. The eight parts of speech are eight categories used in conventional grammar study to account for all the words in English. Every word in English can be placed into one of these categories---or at least one---and we've now learned a good deal about all the categories.

换句话说，它们是语言研究中的一个核心概念。八大词类是传统语法研究中用来涵盖英语中所有词的八个类别。英语中的每个词都可以放入这些类别之一——或至少一个——而我们现在已经对所有这些类别了解了很多。

Three of the parts of speech are nouns or words associated with nouns:

八大词类中有三个是名词或与名词相关的词：

  • Nouns 名词: Words that stand for persons, places, things, or ideas.（表示人、地点、事物或概念的词。）
  • Pronouns 代词: Words that take the place of nouns.（代替名词的词。）
  • Adjectives 形容词: Words that modify nouns or pronouns.（修饰名词或代词的词。）

Two of the parts of speech are verbs and adverbs:

有两个是动词和副词：

  • Verbs 动词: Words that indicate an action or a state of being.（表示动作或存在状态的词。）
  • Adverbs 副词: Words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.（修饰动词、形容词或其他副词的词。）

Two of the parts of speech are connecting words:

有两个是连接词：

  • Conjunctions 连词: Words that connect phrases and clauses to other phrases or clauses; they indicate some grammatical relationship between the connected units.（将短语和从句与其他短语或从句连接起来的词；它们指示连接单元之间的某种语法关系。）
  • Prepositions 介词: Words that connect a noun or pronoun (the object of the preposition) with other words in the sentence to create adjectival or adverbial phrases.（将名词或代词（介词的宾语）与句子中的其他词连接起来，以创建形容词性或副词性短语的词。）

And the eighth part of speech are the interjections, which we've just met. Interjections, again, are exclamatory words and phrases used to express feelings and reactions.

而第八个词类是感叹词，我们刚刚见过。再次强调，感叹词是用来表达情感和反应的感叹词和短语。

An important part of analyzing the grammar of any sentence is to place each word into one of the eight parts. That's not always easy. To be honest, a few words just don't fit well into any of these eight categories. The expletive there is one.

分析任何句子语法的一个重要部分是将每个词归入八大词类之一。这并不总是一件容易的事。老实说，有些词根本不太适合这八个类别中的任何一个。虚词 there 就是一个。

A FORM AND ITS FUNCTIONS 形式（form）与其功能（function）

In analyzing the grammar of a sentence, it's helpful to distinguish between a form and its functions:

在分析句子语法时，区分形式与其功能是有帮助的：

  • The form can be any word, like a noun or a verb. It can also be a larger unit constructed upon a part of speech, like a verb phrase or a prepositional phrase. （形式可以是任何词，如名词或动词。它也可以是一个建立在一个词类之上的更大单元，如动词短语或介词短语。）
  • The function is the grammatical role the form plays in a particular sentence. A noun can function as a subject or direct object. Or, as we've seen, nouns can have other functions: They can be indirect objects, predicate nominatives, objects of a preposition, or other functions. Similarly, prepositional phrases can be adjectival or adverbial. （功能是该形式在特定句子中扮演的语法角色。名词可以作为主语或直接宾语发挥作用。或者，正如我们所看到的，名词可以有其他功能：它们可以是间接宾语、表语名词、介词宾语或其他功能。同样，介词短语可以是形容词性的或副词性的。）

A number of forms (nouns, verbs, modifiers) assembled together can build larger phrases and clauses that have their own functions. A relative clause is a form that has an adjectival function in a sentence; a subordinate clause has an adverbial function.

许多形式（名词、动词、修饰语）组合在一起可以构建具有自己功能的更大短语和从句。关系从句是在句子中具有形容词功能的形式；从句具有副词功能。

The function of any form is defined by the way it is used in a particular sentence, that is, by its context. You can't look at a single word in isolation and define its function. There are exceptions: It's usually safe to say that the is an article, used adjectivally. But in the sentence that you just read, the was used as a noun, as the subject of a clause: "The is an article."

任何形式的功能是通过它在特定句子中的使用方式来定义的，即通过它的语境。你不能孤立地看一个词并定义它的功能。也有例外：通常可以安全地说 the 是一个冠词，以形容词方式使用。但在你刚刚读到的句子中，the 被用作名词，作为一个从句的主语："The is an article."

Consider this word: bill. Is it a noun or a verb? To answer, we need context:

考虑这个词：bill。它是名词还是动词？要回答，我们需要语境：

I will bring your monthly bills. He will bill me every month.

In the first sentence, bill is a noun, and it functions as a direct object. In the second sentence, bill is a transitive verb; it functions as the main verb of the sentence.

在第一个句子中，bill 是名词，它作为直接宾语发挥作用。在第二个句子中，bill 是及物动词；它作为句子的主要动词发挥作用。

Or consider these sentences:

或者考虑这些句子：

I am rising early tomorrow morning. I like rising early. I like to watch the rising sun.

In the first sentence, rising has the form of a verb (because of its –ing suffix), and it also has the function of a verb, as part of a progressive tense verb, am rising.

在第一个句子中，rising 具有动词的形式（因为它的 –ing 后缀），并且它也具有动词的功能，作为进行时动词 am rising 的一部分。

In the second sentence, rising again has the form of a verb, the present participle of rise, but it has the function of a noun, the direct object of the transitive verb like. (What does the speaker like? He likes rising early.)

在第二个句子中，rising 再次具有动词的形式，rise 的现在分词，但它具有名词的功能，即及物动词 like 的直接宾语。（说话者喜欢什么？他喜欢早起。）

In the third sentence, rising still has the form of a verb, but it has the function of an adjective, modifying sun. (We'll soon learn more about using verbs nominally and adjectivally.)

在第三个句子中，rising 仍然具有动词的形式，但它具有形容词的功能，修饰 sun。（我们很快将学习更多关于将动词作为名词和形容词使用的知识。）

There are other challenges in classification: For instance, how do we classify particles? You'll recall that a particle, as we have used the term, is the first element in an infinitive verb (as in to look or to do: I need time to look at my list of things to do) or the second element in a phrasal verb (look up a word). We simply consider these particles as parts of their verbs; they are not regarded as separate words.

分类中还有其他挑战：例如，我们如何分类小品词？你会记得，一个小品词（particle），按我们使用该术语的方式，是不定式动词中的第一个元素（如 to look 或 to do：I need time to look at my list of things to do）或短语动词中的第二个元素（look up a word）。我们简单地认为这些小品词是其动词的一部分；它们不被视为单独的词语。

And the expletive there, since it doesn't participate in the grammatical structure of a sentence, doesn't fit neatly into any grammatical category.

而虚词 there，由于它不参与句子的语法结构，不太适合任何语法类别。

Although we have not discussed the distinction between form and function before, we've used the distinction here and there in this book. Early on, we said that nouns could be used adverbially, and that some adverbs could be used nominally. Form and function are important ideas in grammar.

虽然我们之前没有讨论形式与功能的区别，但我们在本书中随处使用了这种区别。早些时候，我们说过名词可以作为副词使用，而有些副词可以作为名词使用。形式与功能是语法中的重要概念。

We'll see that this matter of form and function becomes particularly important as we move on to chapters about verbals.

我们将看到，这个形式与功能的问题在我们继续学习关于动词性词（verbal）的章节时变得尤其重要。

EXERCISES 练习

16a. Write from memory the Eight Parts of Speech. Then define them and check your work by referring to the early pages of this chapter.

凭记忆写出八大词类。然后定义它们，并通过参考本章开头几页检查你的作业。

16b. In the following sentences, use context to identify both the form and function of the underlined words.

在以下句子中，使用语境识别划线词的形式和功能。

  1. In the increasingly chaotic country, university students are revolting.
  2. Defend them if you like, but I'm tired of these revolting students.
  3. We were jogging around the block.
  4. All of us enjoy jogging.
  5. He will replace the shattered lamp.
  6. He shattered it accidentally.
  7. This rose bud is for you.
  8. I gave you a rose bud, for I care about you.
  9. I wanted to get you more, but I couldn't afford it.
  10. I bought you nothing but this rose bud.