Chapter 9¶

All Together Now 大家都来——连词、复合结构与从句 Conjunctions, Compounds, and Subordinate Clauses 连词（conjunction）、复合结构（compound structure）与从句（subordinate clause）

Like prepositions, conjunctions are connecting words. Broadly defined, conjunctions join one word or group of words with a similar word or group of words. There are two kinds.

和介词一样，连词是连接词。广义上讲，连词将一个词或一组词与相似的词或一组词连接起来。有两种连词。

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS 并列连词（coordinating conjunction）

Coordinating conjunctions create compound structures: They connect two or more grammatically equivalent units of language: a word with a word, a phrase with a phrase, or one sentence with another sentence. In the below sentences, and is the coordinating conjunction:

并列连词创建复合结构：它们将两个或更多语法上等价的单位连接起来：词与词、短语与短语，或一个句子与另一个句子。在下列句子中，and 是并列连词：

I gave him time and money. (noun and noun / 名词与名词) I gave promptly and generously. (adverb and adverb / 副词与副词) The white and blue car is there. (adjective and adjective / 形容词与形容词) We saw Ed and told him the news. (predicate and predicate / 谓语与谓语)

Here are a few sentences with compound subjects. The conjunctions (and and or) are in bold, and one of the sentences contains a three-part compound subject:

以下是几个带复合主语的句子。连词（and 和 or）用粗体标出，其中一个句子包含一个三部分复合主语：

You or I have to clean up this mess. 你或我必须收拾这个烂摊子。

Mark Twain, Damon Runyon, and J.R.R. Tolkien are three of Sam's favorite authors. 马克·吐温、戴蒙·鲁尼恩和 J.R.R. 托尔金是萨姆最喜欢的三位作家。

All the king's horses and all the king's men are having egg sandwiches. 国王所有的马和国王所有的人都在吃鸡蛋三明治。

These sentences contain compound verbs:

这些句子包含复合动词：

We hiked, swam and sailed until dark. 我们远足、游泳并航行直到天黑。

You can behave or leave. 你可以规矩点或离开。

I will sit and think and write all afternoon. 我将坐着、思考并写作整个下午。

Here are sentences with compound prepositional phrases:

以下是带复合介词短语的句子：

We can't find the dog in the house or in the yard. 我们在屋子里或院子里都找不到那只狗。

In the spring, through the summer, and into the fall, we work in the garden. 从春天，到整个夏天，再到秋天，我们在花园里劳作。

You can combine any of these structures into a single sentence, using (for example) a compound subject, a compound verb, and a compound predicate:

你可以将这些结构中的任意几个组合成一个句子，使用（例如）一个复合主语、一个复合动词和一个复合谓语：

Jim and Sue planned and prepared the meal and cleaned up afterward. 吉姆和苏策划并准备了这顿饭，之后进行了清理。

All the compound structures above depend on just two coordinating conjunctions: and and or. In fact, there are only seven coordinating conjunctions in English, so it's convenient to memorize them:

以上所有复合结构都仅依赖于两个并列连词：and 和 or。事实上，英语中只有七个并列连词，因此记住它们很方便：

for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

There's a well-known mnemonic (a memory trick) for remembering these conjunctions: The first letters of these seven words spell the word FANBOYS.

有一个著名的记忆诀窍（助记法，mnemonic）来记住这些连词：这七个词的首字母拼成单词 FANBOYS。

THE CLAUSE AND THE COMPOUND SENTENCE 从句（clause）与并列句（compound sentence）

Now we come to one of the most important terms in grammar: the clause. For our purposes in this chapter, we'll use this definition:

现在我们来到语法中最重要的术语之一：从句。为本章的目的，我们将使用这个定义：

A clause is a unit of language that contains one subject and one predicate.

从句是包含一个主语和一个谓语的语单位。

And yes, that definition sounds a good deal like our earlier tentative definition of a sentence. There's overlap between the two definitions for a simple reason: Any complete sentence contains at least one clause.

是的，这个定义听起来很像我们之前对句子的初步定义。这两个定义之间有重叠，原因很简单：任何完整的句子至少包含一个从句。

The seven coordinating conjunctions (the FANBOYS conjunctions) can join two or more clauses to create a larger structure called a compound sentence. To make the compound sentence, we select the conjunction that best communicates the relationship between the two clauses.

七个并列连词（FANBOYS 连词）可以连接两个或更多的从句，形成更大的结构，称为并列句。要构成并列句，我们选择最能传达两个从句之间关系的连词。

For example, each of the following is a complete sentence and also a single clause:

例如，以下每一个都是一个完整的句子，也是一个单一从句：

You will have to behave yourself. You will have to leave.

With a coordinating conjunction, we can combine these two sentences into one sentence that contains two clauses:

用并列连词，我们可以将这两个句子组合成一个包含两个从句的句子：

You will have to behave yourself, or you will have to leave.

The following are more compound sentences, made by combining two clauses---the last sentence contains three clauses---all joined by coordinating conjunctions:

以下是更多并列句，通过组合两个从句构成——最后一个句子包含三个从句——全部用并列连词连接：

You have to leave, for you are not behaving yourself. You are not behaving yourself, so you will have to leave. Now you're behaving, but you have to leave anyway. You're behaving now, yet you have to leave, and you can't come back. (You'd be amazed how often people say things like that to grammar teachers. / 你会惊讶于人们对语法老师说这种话的频率。)

The coordinating conjunction nor, when used to construct a compound sentence, is a bit unusual: It requires a negative word (such as not) in the first clause, and it often requires a special word order in the second clause. Nor makes an auxiliary verb move to a position before the subject:

并列连词 nor 在用于构建并列句时有点不同寻常：它要求第一个从句中有一个否定词（如 not），并且常常要求第二个从句中有特殊的词序。Nor 使助动词移动到主语之前：

We do not want you to stay, nor do we want you to return. You may not stay, nor may you return.

In these examples, nor makes the auxiliaries do and may shift to the left of the subjects (we and you).

在这些示例中，nor 使助动词 do 和 may 移到主语（we 和 you）的左侧。

CORRELATIVE COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS 关联并列连词（correlative coordinating conjunction）

Correlatives are a special subclass of coordinating conjunctions. There are only four:

关联连词是并列连词的一个特殊子类。只有四个：

Either . . . or Neither . . . nor Both . . . and Not only . . . but also

As you see, these correlative coordinating conjunctions consist of two parts, and the second part always contains one of the FANBOYS conjunctions: or, nor, and, or but. You've probably used them many times:

如你所见，这些关联并列连词由两部分组成，第二部分总是包含一个 FANBOYS 连词：or、nor、and 或 but。你可能已经多次使用过它们：

Either Fred or George should clean up their mess. Neither Fred nor George cleaned up their mess. Both Fred and George are jerks. Fred and George are not only jerks, but also idiots.

(Correlative conjunctions are very useful. / 关联连词非常有用。) The correlatives work in other compound structures, like compound predicates:

关联连词也适用于其他复合结构，如复合谓语：

Fred and George both need to straighten up and fly right.

And either . . . or can join clauses to make compound sentences:

而 either . . . or 可以连接从句构成并列句：

Either Fred and George must behave, or they must go.

Use not only . . . but also carefully. Inexperienced writers use the structure too often, or in ways that seem to imply that the first part of the compound structure is less important than the second portion. The writer may not intend to suggest that in these sentences:

谨慎使用 not only . . . but also。缺乏经验的作者过于频繁地使用这种结构，或使用的方式似乎暗示复合结构的第一部分不如第二部分重要。作者可能无意在这些句子中表达这种意思：

She is not only a physician, but also a classical violinist. He is not only a Lutheran minister, but also a professional wrestler.

If we don't want to minimize the importance of being a physician or a minister, we should rewrite these sentences and leave out the not only part:

如果我们不想淡化当医生或牧师的重要性，我们应该重写这些句子，去掉 not only 部分：

She is both a physician and a classical violinist. He is a Lutheran minister, and he is also a professional wrestler.

The first sentence uses the correlative coordinating conjunction both . . . also. In the second sentence, and is simply a coordinating conjunction accompanied by the adverb also.

第一个句子使用了关联并列连词 both . . . also。在第二个句子中，and 只是一个并列连词，附带副词 also。

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS 从属连词（subordinating conjunction）

The second group of conjunctions are the subordinating conjunctions, which are the larger group. (See what we did there? We used the comparative adjective.) There are about thirty or so.

第二组连词是从属连词，这是更大的一组。（看到我们刚才做了什么吗？我们使用了比较级形容词。）大约有三十个左右。

These conjunctions are used to connect one clause to another to make a single longer sentence with two or more clauses. The new sentence has qualities that we don't find in the compound sentences created by coordinating conjunctions.

这些连词用于将一个从句连接到另一个从句，以构成一个有两个或更多从句的更长句子。这个新句子具有我们在并列连词创建的并列句中找不到的特质。

The subordinating conjunction always appears at the beginning of one of the clauses. The clause begun this way is a subordinate clause.

从属连词总是出现在某个从句的开头。以这种方式开头的从句是从句（subordinate clause）。

Lists of the subordinating conjunctions vary from one grammar book to another, but the following list is reasonably complete. These are the one-word subordinating conjunctions:

从属连词的列表因语法书而异，但以下列表相当完整。这些是单词从属连词：

after, although, as, because, before, however, if, lest, once, since, than, that, though, till, unless, until, when, whenever, where, whereas, wherever, whether, while

The following sentences each contain one subordinate clause; the conjunction is in bold:

以下句子每个都包含一个从句；连词用粗体标出：

He left because he wanted to leave. I'll go when I'm ready. We'll let you know if she calls. I will find you wherever you go.

Subordinate clauses are always adverbial, and they typically modify the verb, so they can often be moved around the sentence. They can be placed at the beginning or the end of the sentence:

从句总是状语性的，它们通常修饰动词，因此常常可以在句子中移动。它们可以放在句首或句末：

Because he wanted to leave, he left. When I'm ready, I'll go. If she calls, we'll let you know. Wherever you go, I will find you.

Notice that you can't do the same thing with clauses joined by coordinating conjunctions. You can certainly use a coordinating conjunction to join two independent clauses:

请注意，你不能对由并列连词连接的从句做同样的事情。你当然可以用并列连词连接两个独立从句：

He was ready to leave, so he left.

But you can't move the second clause (including the conjunction) to the beginning of the sentence:

但你不能将第二个从句（包括连词）移到句首：

WRONG: So he left, he was ready to leave.

The movability of subordinate clauses is a useful feature. It helps us identify them, and it gives writers more stylistic options in constructing sentences.

从句的可移动性是一个有用的特征。它帮助我们识别从句，并给作者在构建句子时更多的文体选择。

In some cases, it's also possible to move the subordinate clause to the middle of the other clause, like this:

在某些情况下，也可以将从句移到另一个从句的中间，像这样：

Fred and George, because they are idiots, are no longer welcome here.

Notice that in these cases, the subordinate clause is typically enclosed by a pair of commas. This placement of the subordinate clause, because it is unusual, is emphatic, so use it carefully.

请注意，在这些情况下，从句通常由一对逗号包围。从句的这种放置方式因为不同寻常而具有强调性，所以要谨慎使用。

Some subordinating conjunctions are more than one word: as if, as though, so that.

有些从属连词不止一个词：as if、as though、so that。

You should act as if you know what you're doing. You should speak as though you know what you're talking about. He took the job so that he could include it on his résumé.

Though these clauses modify the verb, they are not moveable. Some grammars include even though among the subordinate conjunctions, as in We're mentioning this even though you've probably had enough conjunctions. An even though clause is generally moveable.

虽然这些从句修饰动词，但它们是移动不了的。一些语法书将 even though 列入从属连词，如：We're mentioning this even though you've probably had enough conjunctions（尽管你可能已经受够了连词，我们还是提一下这个）。even though 从句通常是可移动的。

THAT DARNED THAT 那个该死的 that

One of the most troublesome subordinating conjunctions in the list above is that. It's not complicated, but that is used in many different ways, not just as a conjunction. We'll look at those uses in future chapters.

上面列表中最麻烦的从属连词之一是 that。它并不复杂，但 that 以许多不同的方式使用，不仅仅是作为连词。我们将在后面的章节中考察那些用法。

For now, consider these subordinate that clauses, and notice that they are all adverbial, but not moveable.

现在，考虑这些 that 从句，注意它们都是状语性的，但不可移动。

I am confident that I will win. I am happy that you can be with us. We were sad that you lost.

These clauses are adverbial but not because they modify the verb. Instead, they modify the adjectives (confident, happy, sad) in each sentence.

这些从句是状语性的，但不是因为它们修饰动词。相反，它们修饰每个句子中的形容词（confident、happy、sad）。

MORE CORRELATIVES 更多关联连词

There are also correlative subordinating conjunctions:

还有关联从属连词：

as . . . as so . . . that the . . . the

We use these pairs of words to create adverbial clauses modifying only adverbs or adjectives. In the following sentence, the subordinate clause modifies adverbs:

我们使用这些成对的词来创建仅修饰副词或形容词的状语从句。在下列句子中，从句修饰副词：

I'll be there as soon as I can. (Modifying soon. / 修饰 soon) They traveled as far as they could. (Modifying far. / 修饰 far)

The as . . . as correlative can modify many adverbs (e.g., as long as, as quickly as, as surely as) and adjectives---as many as you like.

as . . . as 关联连词可以修饰许多副词（如 as long as、as quickly as、as surely as）和形容词——想修饰多少就修饰多少。

Here are examples of so . . . that, modifying adjectives:

以下是 so . . . that 修饰形容词的示例：

He was so impatient that he slammed the door. (Modifying impatient. / 修饰 impatient) We were so weary that we slept all afternoon. (Modifying weary. / 修饰 weary)

The strangest conjunction of all is surely the . . . the, based on the occasional adverbial use of the (as in He is the worse for wear):

所有连词中最奇怪的无疑是 the . . . the，它基于 the 偶尔的副词用法（如 He is the worse for wear）：

The more he does that, the less I like him. (Modifying the adverb more / 修饰副词 more) The bigger they are, the faster I run. (Modifying the adjective bigger / 修饰形容词 bigger)

These subordinate clauses are not moveable.

这些从句是不可移动的。

DISTINGUISHING CONJUNCTIONS FROM PREPOSITIONS 区分连词与介词

A few conjunctions are identical to prepositions. The only way to distinguish these prepositions from the identical conjunctions is the context: If the word in question is followed by a clause, it's a conjunction. If the word in question is followed by a noun phrase or a pronoun, it's a preposition.

少数连词与介词相同。区分这些介词与相同连词的唯一方法是看语境：如果有问题的词后面跟的是从句，它就是连词。如果有问题的词后面跟的是名词短语或代词，它就是介词。

Prepositions that resemble coordinating conjunctions are but (meaning except) and for:

类似于并列连词的介词是 but（意为 except，除……之外）和 for：

Preposition: No one can go but her. Preposition: I brought the gift for this child.

Conjunction: He left, but he came back. Conjunction: He left, for it was late.

Some prepositions also resemble subordinating conjunctions, like before, after, until, since, and as:

有些介词也类似于从属连词，如 before、after、until、since 和 as：

Preposition: Come back before [or after] sunset. Preposition: Don't come back until nine. Preposition: He hasn't come back since nine. Preposition: He is known as Jim.

Conjunction: Come back before [or after] Jim returns. Conjunction: He does that until he falls down. Conjunction: He hasn't come back since he graduated. Conjunction: He juggles as he rides a unicycle.

In every case, a noun follows the preposition and a clause follows the conjunction.

在每一种情况下，名词跟在介词后面，从句跟在连词后面。

TWO KINDS OF CLAUSES 两种从句

The conjunctions we've been examining require us to work with two different kinds of clauses, and now we need to make the distinction clear:

我们一直在考察的连词要求我们处理两种不同的从句，现在我们需要明确区分二者：

An independent clause contains at least one subject and at least one predicate, and it contains no word that makes the clause dependent on another clause to be complete. That is, it contains no word like a subordinating conjunction. An independent clause is grammatically complete by itself, without the addition of other clauses, so it can stand by itself as a complete sentence. When you encounter the term main clause, that's simply another term for an independent clause.

独立从句（independent clause） 至少包含一个主语和至少一个谓语，并且不包含任何使该从句依赖于另一个从句才能完整的词。也就是说，它不包含像从属连词这样的词。独立从句本身在语法上是完整的，不需要添加其他从句，所以它可以自己作为一个完整的句子。当你遇到术语 main clause（主句）时，那只是独立从句的另一个术语。

When we combine two or more independent clauses with a coordinating conjunction, we've created a compound sentence.

当我们用并列连词将两个或多个独立从句组合起来，我们就创建了一个并列句。

A dependent clause contains at least one subject and at least one predicate, and it is not grammatically complete by itself. When a dependent clause appears in a sentence, it functions as part of an independent clause.

依存从句（dependent clause） 至少包含一个主语和至少一个谓语，但本身在语法上不完整。当依存从句出现在句子中时，它作为独立从句的一部分发挥作用。

According to these definitions, this is an independent clause:

根据这些定义，这是一个独立从句：

We went to the museum.

But if we add a subordinating conjunction to it, it's a dependent clause that needs to be connected to another clause:

但如果我们加上一个从属连词，它就变成了需要连接到另一个从句的依存从句：

After we went to the museum . . .

One kind of dependent clause is a subordinate clause. It contains at least one subject and one predicate and it's connected to an independent clause by a subordinating conjunction. As you know by now, the example clause above (After we went to the museum . . .) is a subordinate clause.

依存从句的一种是从句（subordinate clause）。它至少包含一个主语和一个谓语，并通过从属连词连接到独立从句。如你现在所知，上面的示例从句（After we went to the museum . . .）是一个从句。

Notice the difference between dependent clauses and subordinate clauses: Subordinate clauses are one subcategory of dependent clauses. This is a distinction that some grammar books, language textbooks, and dictionaries don't make.

请注意依存从句和从句之间的区别：从句是依存从句的一个子类别。这是一些语法书、语言教材和词典没有做的区分。

We'll learn about other kinds of dependent clauses in the next few chapters.

我们将在接下来的几章中学习其他种类的依存从句。

ELLIPTICAL CLAUSES 省略从句（elliptical clause）

In all kinds of ways, English sentences can contain elliptical clauses, sentences that often leave out words that are implied in context, as in [You must] Get out! Questions are also sometimes elliptical: Why me? (That is, Why [do these things happen to] me?) Elliptical structures help writers write concisely: You are more ambitious than I [am].

以各种方式，英语句子可以包含省略从句，即在上下文中隐含的词常被省略的句子，如 [You must] Get out!（出去！）。问句有时也是省略的：Why me?（为什么是我？）（即 Why [do these things happen to] me?）。省略结构帮助作者简洁地写作：You are more ambitious than I [am]（你比我更有雄心。）

In elliptical clauses, we simply omit certain words that we need grammatically because they are---in that particular context---clearly implied. The missing words are often said to be understood; that is, the reader understands that certain words have been omitted for brevity.

在省略从句中，我们只是省略了语法上需要但在特定语境中明显有隐含的某些词。缺失的词常被称为“可理解的”（understood）；即读者理解到某些词为了简洁已被省略。

When we're analyzing an elliptical clause, we insert the missing words because they're necessary for the grammatical completeness of the sentence, though the meaning of the sentence is clear without them.

当我们分析一个省略从句时，我们插入缺失的词，因为它们对句子的语法完整性是必要的，尽管句子的意义没有它们也是清楚的。

Here are some examples, all well-known proverbs:

以下是一些示例，均为著名谚语：

When in doubt, punt. (John Heismann) When in doubt, don't. (Benjamin Franklin) When in doubt, tell the truth. (Mark Twain)

If we rewrote these by making the implicit words explicit, they might read like this:

如果我们通过将隐含的词显式化来重写这些句子，它们可能读起来像这样：

When [you are] in doubt, [you should] punt. When [you are] in doubt, [you] don't [do what you were considering]. When [you are] in doubt, [you should] tell the truth.

Elliptical clauses are not fragment sentences, though they are often missing subjects, or part of their predicates:

省略从句不是残缺句（fragment sentence），尽管它们常常缺少主语或部分谓语：

We are going, [whether you] like it or not. Whatever the situation [may be], he is uncooperative. If [it is] necessary, we will speak to him. [Money is] here today, [and] gone tomorrow.

In the following examples, the subject in the subordinate clauses is missing, but it is similar or identical to the subject in the independent clauses:

在下列示例中，从句中的主语缺失了，但它与独立从句中的主语相似或相同：

While [we were] looking for your book, we found your lost keys. When [you are] traveling, you must keep your belongings secure. She likes him better than [she likes] me.

The correlative subordinating conjunction as . . . as can create similar elliptical structures:

关联从属连词 as . . . as 可以创建类似的省略结构：

She likes him as much as [she likes] me. He dances as well as she [dances].

And now [we'll have] one more [elliptical sentence] for the road, from J. K. Rowling:

现在再奉上一句在路上学的省略句，来自 J. K. 罗琳：

When in doubt, go to the library. 如有疑惑，去图书馆。

POINTS FOR WRITERS 写作要点

1. Variations on compound structures. 复合结构的变体

Sometimes writers choose to omit the conjunction (usually and) from compound structures. Carefully used, this unusual practice can make the compound structures more emphatic. Consider these series of compounds:

有时作者选择从复合结构中省略连词（通常是 and）。谨慎使用时，这种不寻常的做法可以使复合结构更具强调性。考虑这些复合结构系列：

This project will require hard work, unwavering attention, total dedication. 这个项目将需要努力工作、坚定不移的专注、全心全意的投入。

". . . government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." "……民有、民治、民享的政府，永不会从地球上消亡。"

Be warned: If you overuse this variation, it ceases to be effective and, instead, becomes distracting or even pointless.

请注意：如果你过度使用这种变体，它将失去效果，反而变得让人分心甚至毫无意义。

Another variation is to use the conjunction and to join each part of a compound structure with the next part, to emphasize that all the parts are of equal importance:

另一种变体是使用连词 and 将复合结构的每个部分与下一部分连接，以强调所有部分同等重要：

This project will require hard work and unwavering attention and total dedication.

Again, don't overuse this pattern.

再次提醒，不要过度使用这种模式。

Sometimes, when we have several compound sentences, we can improve sentence variety by omitting the conjunction in a two-clause sentence and replacing it with a semicolon:

有时，当我们有几个并列句时，我们可以通过省略两个从句句子中的连词并用分号代替它来提高句式变化：

Luis excels at school, for he devotes many hours every week to studying. Luis excels at school; he devotes many hours every week to studying.

You've probably noticed in your reading that just one coordinating conjunction can create a compound sentence of three, four, or more independent clauses:

你可能在阅读中注意到，一个并列连词就可以创建一个由三个、四个或更多独立从句组成的并列句：

A single coordinating conjunction can unite a sentence of two clauses, it can create a sentence of three or four clauses, and in rare cases it is used in a sentence of five clauses or more.

2. Compound subjects and verb agreement. 复合主语与动词一致

Compound subjects take singular or plural verbs, depending on the conjunction or, in some cases, the right-most subject. Look at these three examples:

复合主语取单数或复数动词，取决于连词，或在某些情况下取决于最右边的主语。看这三个示例：

Bob and Ray are here. Either Bob or Ray is your assistant. Either Bob or the twins are your assistants.

The and in the first example means that the subject, Bob and Ray, is plural, so you need a plural verb: are.

第一个示例中的 and 意味着主语 Bob and Ray 是复数，所以你需要复数动词：are。

The or in the second example means that the subject, Bob or Ray, is singular---either Bob or Ray---so you need the singular verb: is.

第二个示例中的 or 意味着主语 Bob or Ray 是单数——要么 Bob 要么 Ray——所以你需要单数动词：is。

In the third example, the plural subject, twins, is the subject closest to the verb. In this case, you need the plural verb, are. If the compound subject were reversed---either the twins or Bob---the verb would be singular: is.

在第三个示例中，复数主语 twins 是最靠近动词的主语。在这种情况下，你需要复数动词 are。如果复合主语反过来——either the twins or Bob——动词将是单数：is。

So the third example is grammatically correct, but it sounds awkward to many readers. We can usually improve a sentence like this by rewriting it:

所以第三个示例在语法上是正确的，但对许多读者来说听起来别扭。我们通常可以通过重写来改进这样的句子：

BETTER: Either Bob or the twins will assist you.

3. So that.

In casual conversation and writing, we often use so by itself as an intensifier before an adjective or adverb to mean very or really:

在随意的对话和写作中，我们经常单独使用 so 作为形容词或副词前的强调词，意思是 very 或 really：

He was so angry. She ran so fast.

In formal writing and speaking, this is often regarded as a mistake, because so, used this way, requires a that clause to finish the idea:

在正式的写作和口语中，这通常被视为一个错误，因为这样使用的 so 需要一个 that 从句来完成意思：

He was so angry that he couldn't speak. She ran so fast that she outdistanced all the other runners.

The that clause enables us to clarify how angry he was, or how fast she was. When we leave it out, we've failed to finish the idea.

that 从句使我们能够阐明他有多生气，或者她跑得有多快。当我们省略它时，我们就未能完成意思。

Write so carefully that no one can accuse you of carelessness---unless you're deliberately seeking a casual, more conversational style.

写时要如此仔细，以至于没有人能指责你粗心——除非你是在刻意追求一种随意、更口语化的风格。

4. Conjunctive adverbs. 连接副词（conjunctive adverb）

We often use the following phrases in our reading, writing, and speaking:

我们在阅读、写作和口语中经常使用以下短语：

therefore, however, moreover, nevertheless, thus, hence, indeed, in fact, likewise, in contrast

These phrases and many like them (e.g., after all, as a result, consequently, furthermore, instead, meanwhile, on the contrary, still, then) indicate some connection between the clauses they appear in and previous clauses:

这些短语以及许多类似的短语（如 after all、as a result、consequently、furthermore、instead、meanwhile、on the contrary、still、then）表明它们所在从句与之前从句之间的某种联系：

She has been late three times this week; therefore, I don't consider her reliable. He has been late three times this week; however, he is usually reliable.

These are conjunctive adverbs: They are adverbs that vaguely resemble conjunctions, because they indicate a relationship between the ideas of two clauses. But they are not conjunctions. They can't---by themselves---join the two clauses into a compound or complex sentence. That is, the connection indicated by conjunctive adverbs is one of ideas, not grammatical structure.

这些是连接副词：它们是隐隐类似于连词的副词，因为它们表示两个从句语义之间的关系。但它们不是连词。它们不能——靠自己——将两个从句连接成一个并列句或复合句。也就是说，连接副词所指示的连接是意义上的连接，而非语法结构上的连接。

They are sometimes called transitional adverbs, and we use them to build paragraph coherence by signaling the connections among the sentences.

它们有时被称为过渡副词，我们使用它们通过标记句子之间的联系来建立段落连贯性。

This affects punctuation. Notice the use of semi-colons---not commas---above. In each example, we could use periods instead of semi-colons and make two separate sentences. In that case, the second sentence in each example could still contain the conjunctive adverbs.

这影响了标点。请注意上面使用了分号——而不是逗号。在每个示例中，我们可以用句号代替分号，构成两个独立的句子。在这种情况下，每个示例中的第二个句子仍然可以包含连接副词。

We can tell that these words are adverbs and not conjunctions because they are moveable in many contexts:

我们可以判断这些词是副词而不是连词，因为它们在许多语境中是可移动的：

He has been late three times this week; however, he is usually reliable. He has been late three times this week; he is, however, usually reliable.

We can't move a true conjunction around in its clause as we can move these conjunctive adverbs. If however were a true subordinating conjunction, it would have to remain at the beginning of the clause it introduces.

我们不能像移动这些连接副词那样在从句中移动真正的连词。如果 however 是一个真正的从属连词，它将不得不留在它引入的从句开头。

Notice that in the second example above, the placement of however after is creates a pause that gives greater emphasis to the next words, usually reliable.

请注意，在上面第二个示例中，however 放在 is 之后创造了一个停顿，这给后面的词 usually reliable 以更大的强调。

In other words, conjunctive adverbs have at least two stylistic uses: to indicate transition from one idea to the next, and (if carefully used) to emphasis words that follow the adverbs.

换句话说，连接副词至少有两种文体用途：指示从一个想法到下一个想法的过渡，以及（如果谨慎使用）强调副词后面的词。

However is sometimes used as an adverb in ways that are not conjunctive, such as an adverb modifying an adjective or adverb. In each of the cases below, the adjective or adverb in bold modifies a noun or verb before it (fine, children, or to run):

However 有时以非连接的方式用作副词，如副词修饰形容词或其他副词。在以下每种情况下，粗体的形容词或副词修饰它前面的名词或动词（fine、children 或 to run）：

You must pay the fine, however unreasonable. School children, however young, can learn responsibility. She decided to run in the race, however slowly.

We can also use however as a subordinating conjunction, which is why it's in the list of conjunctions in this chapter:

我们也可以将 however 用作从属连词，这就是为什么它在本章的连词列表中：

We can rearrange this office however we wish. Apparently you can use however however you like.

These clauses are not moveable.

这些从句是不可移动的。

5. Compounds and concise writing. 复合结构与简洁写作

Compound structures help us achieve brevity in our writing. For example, with compounding, we can make one adjective modify several nouns:

复合结构帮助我们在写作中实现简洁。例如，通过复合，我们可以让一个形容词修饰几个名词：

In the trunk in the attic, we discovered old clothes, books, and photographs.

Or we can use one preposition to apply to several objects, or one adverb to apply to several verbs:

或者我们可以用一个介词应用于几个宾语，或一个副词应用于几个动词：

Mr. Benny is traveling to Anaheim, Azusa, and Cucamonga. We all eagerly dressed, packed, and departed.

6. Subtract the plus. 去掉 plus

In your careful writing, don't use plus as a replacement for and unless your context is mathematical, or metaphorically mathematical:

在细致的写作中，不要用 plus 代替 and，除非你的语境是数学性的，或比喻性数学性的：

Hard work plus determination equal success.

EXERCISES 练习

9a. Try to write, from memory, the seven coordinating conjunctions. (A hint: Remember FANBOYS.) Check your answers with the list in this chapter.

尝试默写出七个并列连词。（提示：记住 FANBOYS。）用本章的列表检查你的答案。

9b. Try to write, from memory, the four correlative coordinating conjunctions. Check your answers with the list in this chapter.

尝试默写出四个关联并列连词。用本章的列表检查你的答案。

9c. Try to write, from memory, ten of the subordinating conjunctions, and consult the chapter to check your answers.

尝试默写出十个从属连词，查阅本章以检查你的答案。

9d. In the following sentences, underline and classify the conjunctions as coordinating (C) or subordinating (S) and put brackets around any prepositions. Refer to the lists in this chapter and the previous chapter if you need to. Classify correlative conjunctions as coordinating.

在以下句子中，在连词下面画线并将其分类为并列连词（C）或从属连词（S），并在任何介词周围加括号。如有需要，请参阅本章和前一章的列表。将关联连词归为并列连词。

Here's an example: 示例如下：

[In] the following sentences, underline and classify the conjunctions [as] coordinating or subordinating and put brackets [around] any prepositions.

The film was not only boring, but also offensive, so we asked for a refund and went home.
In the morning and again in the evening, Ruthie practices her violin until her mother can't stand it anymore.
We went to the diner for lunch, for we were expected back soon.
Because we are tired, we'll take a short break before we continue studying.
Fred and George have been gone since Friday night, since they took a "short break" from studying.
After I finish this project, we can meet after work and discuss the project.
Fred and George are neither punctual nor organized, yet they somehow do their work well.
He was so confident that he underestimated his opponent.
The room looked as if it had not been occupied in some time, but it had been occupied for days or weeks.
The longer he waited, the more impatient he became.

9e. In the following sentences, identify and label compound subjects, compound verbs, compound predicates, and other compound structures, but not clauses. There are no compound sentences. Not every sentence contains a compound.

在以下句子中，识别并标注复合主语、复合动词、复合谓语及其他复合结构，但不包括从句。这里没有并列句。并非每个句子都包含复合结构。

Anne always fastens her seatbelt and locks her doors before she drives.
Anne and James are driving to Nashville and Chattanooga.
In Nashville, Anne shopped and visited her family.
She and I always enjoy Nashville, but seldom go there.
The next day we will drive from Tennessee to Illinois.
In Illinois, we will visit the Lincoln Museum and the Lincoln Library.
We will stop in Wisconsin or Minnesota for the night.
In Minnesota we will ski and visit family.
Anne and her sister Alice love skiing.
In cold weather, James stays indoors and reads.