Chapter 19 / 第19章¶

What's That? / 那是什么？ More Pronouns / 更多代词（pronoun）

We have already learned about two important groups of pronouns: the personal pronouns and the relative pronouns. In this chapter, we'll examine the four other groups, which, though perhaps not as prominent in some grammars, are words that we need every day.

我们已经学习了两个重要的代词组：人称代词（personal pronoun）和关系代词（relative pronoun）。在本章中，我们将考察其他四个组别，它们虽然在某些语法书中可能不那么突出，但却是我们每天都需要的词。

These pronouns are tricky to discuss in an orderly way because grammarians have different ways of sorting them out, and some pronouns fit into two or more categories, depending on the way we use them. (There's that form and function idea again.) The relative pronoun who can also be an interrogative pronoun. The relative pronoun that can also be a demonstrative pronoun. So it goes.

这些代词很难有序地讨论，因为语法学家有不同的分类方法，而且某些代词根据我们使用它们的方式适合两个或更多类别。（又是那个形式与功能的概念。）关系代词 who 也可以是疑问代词（interrogative pronoun）。关系代词 that 也可以是指示代词（demonstrative pronoun）。就是这样。

THE REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS / 反身代词

The reflexive pronouns are compound words. In each one, the first part is a personal pronoun and the second part is always –self. They are often used for emphasis:

反身代词（reflexive pronoun）是复合词。每个反身代词的第一部分是一个人代代词，第二部分总是 –self。它们经常用于强调：

I'll do the job myself! All right, do it yourself. He really should do it himself. We should all do it ourselves. She herself told them to do it themselves!

Notice that in all the examples above, the reflexive pronouns are redundant---without them, the sentences would communicate the same meanings, but less emphatically. When used this way, the –self pronouns are often called intensifying pronouns. (In the last example above, by the way, herself is an appositive for she.)

请注意，在上面的所有例子中，反身代词是冗余的——没有它们，句子也会传达相同的意思，但没那么强调。以这种方式使用时，–self 代词通常被称为强调代词（intensifying pronoun）。（顺便说一下，在上面的最后一个例子中，herself 是 she 的同位语。）

Just as often, reflexive pronouns communicate something about the subjects of the sentence performing actions upon themselves---making the action reflexive:

同样经常的是，反身代词传达关于句子的主语对自身执行动作的信息——使该动作成为反身动作：

Jim hurt himself. June found herself in an enviable situation. Emily and Roy removed themselves from the competition. Well, this vase didn't break itself.

A bit later we will examine the indefinite pronouns, including one. We mention it here because one has the reflexive oneself (which is sometimes written one's self):

稍后我们将考察不定代词（indefinite pronoun），包括 one。我们在这里提到它是因为 one 有反身形式 oneself（有时写作 one's self）：

One should take care of oneself.

As you see, the reflexive pronouns can be in the first, second, or third person. When the first part is plural, the second part is, too. That is, there is no ourself or themself, although you may sometimes hear people say those words. (There is also no hisself, but you'll hear that, too.)

正如你所看到的，反身代词可以是第一、第二或第三人称。当第一部分是复数时，第二部分也是复数。也就是说，没有 ourself 或 themself，虽然你有时可能会听到人们说这些词。（也没有 hisself，但你也会听到那个。）

Use yourself or yourselves as the context requires.

根据语境使用 yourself 或 yourselves。

THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS / 指示代词

Demonstrative pronouns are four common and easy pronouns (usually used nominally, but sometimes adjectivally) that call attention to the antecedents. They are typically present in the immediate verbal or physical context:

指示代词（demonstrative pronoun）是四个常见且简单的代词（通常以名词方式使用，但有时以形容词方式使用），它们引起对先行词的注意。它们通常存在于直接的语言或物理语境中：

This is the guilty person! That is the murderer! These are his victims! Those were his motives! He used these weapons on those victims for that reason! Officer, arrest this man!

These pronouns (that's another one!) direct the audience's attention to a particular word in the verbal context, or to a person or thing in the physical context.

这些代词（这又是另一个！）将听众的注意力引导到语言语境中的某个特定词语，或物理语境中的某个人或事物。

THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS / 疑问代词

There are also the five familiar interrogative pronouns, which we use in questions every day:

还有五个熟悉的疑问代词（interrogative pronoun），我们每天都在问题中使用：

Who threw that pie? Which of you bozos threw that? At whom did he throw that? Whose meringue pie was thrown? Hey, what happened to my pie?

Notice that these five are identical to the five relative pronouns---except for the relative that, which has been replaced by what.

请注意，这五个与五个关系代词相同——除了关系代词 that 被 what 取代。

As the examples show, these words (except the possessive whose) usually fill a nominal function in questions. In that way, they enable us to ask questions that can be answered with a noun.

正如例子所示，这些词（除了所有格 whose）在疑问句中通常担任名词性功能。通过这种方式，它们使我们能够提出可以用名词回答的问题。

Several –ever pronouns (whoever, whichever, and whatever) can also be used as interrogative pronouns:

几个 –ever 代词（whoever, whichever 和 whatever）也可以用作疑问代词：

Whoever would throw my pie? Whatever caused him to do it?

THE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS / 不定代词

The last and largest of the pronoun classes are the indefinite pronouns, which are indefinite because they are typically used without any clear, specific antecedents. They are sometimes organized into several overlapping groups.

代词类别中最后也是最大的一组是不定代词（indefinite pronoun），它们之所以不定，是因为它们通常在使用时没有任何清晰、具体的先行词。它们有时被组织成几个重叠的组。

There is usually little point in learning these subclasses of indefinite pronouns, but the subclasses give us a way to discuss these pronouns in an organized fashion.

学习不定代词的这些子类通常没有多大意义，但子类给了我们一种以有组织的方式讨论这些代词的方法。

The Indefinite Singulars / 不定单数：

These include the -body, -one, and -thing pronouns, and several negative pronouns:

这些包括 -body, -one 和 -thing 代词，以及几个否定代词：

Anybody, everybody, somebody, nobody Anyone, everyone, someone, no one Anything, everything, something, nothing

Among the indefinite singulars are also each, one, another, and none, and either and neither:

不定单数中还有 each, one, another 和 none，以及 either 和 neither：

Everyone can have some dinner. Each of us should have some. No one will be left out. Everybody will get plenty. Hey, I've got plenty of nothing.

The Indefinite Plurals / 不定复数：

These are any, some, and all; both, few, and several; and enough, plenty, and more.

这些是 any, some 和 all；both, few 和 several；以及 enough, plenty 和 more。

All of us are responsible. Some of us should accept responsibility. At least a few accepted it. Well, more should accept it. Many are called, but few are chosen.

The Indefinite Portions / 不定分量：

These are all singular, and they all refer to a portion of something that cannot be counted out, but only measured in quantities, like Jell-O or mashed potatoes: all and none; little and less; much and more; and some, enough, and plenty.

这些都是单数，它们都指某事物的一部分，该事物不能按个计数，而只能以数量来衡量，像果冻或土豆泥：all 和 none；little 和 less；much 和 more；以及 some, enough 和 plenty。

Have you had some? Yes, but I'll take more. You should take less. Hey, I've still got plenty of nothing. Well, nothing is plenty for you (said Porgy).

While the personal pronouns have a special possessive form, the possessives of some indefinite pronouns are formed by adding –'s: one's, everyone's, nobody's.

虽然人代代词有特殊的所有格形式，但一些不定代词的所有格是通过添加 –'s 形成的：one's, everyone's, nobody's。

When else follows a pronoun (as in anybody else, everyone else, or no one else), it is considered part of the pronoun. In those cases, the possessive is formed by adding –'s to else: anybody else's, everyone else's, and no one else's:

当 else 跟在一个代词之后（如 anybody else, everyone else 或 no one else），它被视为该代词的一部分。在这些情况下，所有格是通过在 else 后添加 –'s 形成的：anybody else's, everyone else's 和 no one else's：

Do all these pronouns make anybody else's head hurt?

Still Others / 还有其他的：

Some authorities include among these indefinite pronouns a few words that we've seen before, the compound pronouns based on -ever: whoever, whomever, whichever, and whatever. Like the preceding indefinite pronouns, the -ever pronouns can be used in statements containing no explicit antecedent---and are often used when the writer or speaker does not know the antecedent:

一些权威人士将我们之前见过的几个词——基于 -ever 的复合代词：whoever, whomever, whichever 和 whatever——包括在这些不定代词中。像前面的不定代词一样，-ever 代词可以用于不包含明确先行词的陈述中——并且经常在作者或说话者不知道先行词时使用：

Whoever made this mess must clean it up! You can choose whichever you like. Whatever it is (Groucho once said), I'm against it.

Similarly, the reciprocal pronouns may be indefinite or may refer to specific people, depending on the context.

同样，相互代词（reciprocal pronoun）可能是不定的，也可能指特定的人，这取决于语境。

There are only two reciprocals: each other and one another. By the strictest rules of usage, each other is used to refer to two people; one another should be used for three or more:

只有两个相互代词：each other 和 one another。根据最严格的用法规则，each other 用来指两个人；one another 应该用于三个或以上的人：

The Diefenbacher twins are always arguing with each other. "If God loved us, my dear friends, we also must love one another." (1 John 4: 11)

Finally, it (also a personal pronoun) is sometimes an indefinite pronoun, used idiomatically to refer vaguely to weather, general circumstances, or some unspecified subject in the context:

最后，it（也是一个人称代词）有时是一个不定代词，惯用地含糊指代天气、一般情况或语境中某个未指定的主题：

It may rain. You could master any foreign language if you kept at it. Whatever it is (Groucho said again), I'm against it. "So it goes," said Mr. Vonnegut.

And, even more finally, many of the words in this chapter are also used adjectivally as well as nominally:

而且，更最后的是，本章中的许多词也既以形容词方式又以名词方式使用：

This door; that door. Some doors; all doors. Few doors; one door.

POINTS FOR WRITERS / 写作要点

1. They are everywhere. / 他们无处不在

Sometimes, especially in casual conversation and careless writing, we use they as an indefinite pronoun, referring (often negatively) to unspecified groups of people:

有时，特别是在随意的对话和粗心的写作中，我们将 they 用作不定代词，指代（通常以负面方式）未指定的人群：

They are all against me! They are all part of a plot! And, furthermore, they think I'm paranoid!

Avoid this vague, careless, and indefinite use of they (or they will get you).

避免这种模糊、粗心和不确定的 they 的使用（否则他们会抓住你）。

2. Redundant reflexives. / 冗余的反身代词

Sometimes reflexive pronouns are absolutely necessary, as with certain verbs:

有时反身代词是绝对必要的，如与某些动词搭配时：

I pride myself on my knowledge of geography.

But we often use reflexives unnecessarily:

但我们经常不必要地使用反身代词：

I myself prefer my coffee black.

Using unnecessary reflexives is not a terrible error, but it doesn't contribute anything to a sentence, either.

使用不必要的反身代词不是一个可怕的错误，但它也不会为句子贡献任何东西。

3. The number of none. / none 的数

Traditionally none has been declared a singular pronoun. Today none is often accepted as singular or plural, as the context and the writer's intention require:

传统上 none 被宣布为单数代词。今天，none 经常被接受为单数或复数，视语境和作者的意图而定：

None of the players is [or are] here.

EXERCISES / 练习

19a. We've examined four classes of pronouns in this chapter. Write the names of the four classes and check your list by looking back through the chapter.

我们在本章中考察了四个代词类别。写出这四个类别的名称，并通过回顾本章检查你的列表。

19b. Now, for each of the four classes, write as many pronouns as you can remember. Check your lists by looking back and write down those you forgot.

现在，为每个类别写出你能记住的尽可能多的代词。通过回顾检查你的列表，并写下你忘记的那些。

19c. Write one sentence that contains an example of each of the four classes you listed above. Compare your sentences with the examples in this chapter.

写一个句子，包含你上面列出的每个类别的一个例子。将你的句子与本章中的例子进行比较。

19d. Each of the following sentences contains at least one example of the pronouns described in this chapter. Classify each underlined example.

以下每个句子都包含至少一个本章描述的代词的例子。对每个划线的例子进行分类。

What are you doing?
Who wants to know?
That is the dumbest question anyone ever asked.
I myself am going to teach you some manners because you obviously have none.
Both of you need to stop this immediately.
I doubt that you can do anything to stop us.
Whatever could you do?
Anybody who tries to stop me is going to get it.
Can't someone do something to help me?
I've had enough of all of you.

(Pronouns bring out the worst in some people. / 代词让某些人暴露出最糟糕的一面。)