Glossary / 术语表¶

In these definitions, words in bold type indicate terms defined elsewhere in this glossary. For the sake of readability, only selected cross-referenced terms are in bold. Italics mark examples; words of particular relevance in these examples are underscored. Chapter references direct you to discussions of the term. For more cross-references, see the index.

在这些定义中，加粗的词表示本术语表中其他地方定义的术语。为了可读性，只有选定的交叉引用术语以加粗显示。斜体标记例子；这些例子中特别相关的词以下划线标出。章节引用将你引向该术语的讨论。更多交叉引用请参见索引。

Absolute phrase: A noun phrase, often followed by a participle, used adjectivally or adverbially: His projector having failed, the speaker improvised for the audience. See Ch. 20.

独立短语（absolute phrase）：一个名词短语，通常后跟一个分词，以形容词或副词方式使用：His projector having failed, the speaker improvised for the audience. 见第20章。

Action verb: A verb that indicates action: run, walk, speak, read, fly, and sail are all action verbs. Some action verbs are not actions in the usual sense: pause, consider. Compare linking verb. Do not confuse with active verb. See Ch. 2.

动作动词（action verb）：表示动作的动词：run, walk, speak, read, fly 和 sail 都是动作动词。有些动作动词并非通常意义上的动作：pause, consider。比较连系动词。不要与主动动词混淆。见第2章。

Active verb: A transitive verb in the active voice, describing an action performed by the subject upon a direct object: The explosion shattered the windows. Compare passive verb. Do not confuse with action verb. See Ch. 14.

主动动词（active verb）：主动语态中的及物动词，描述由主语对直接宾语执行的动作：The explosion shattered the windows. 比较被动动词。不要与动作动词混淆。见第14章。

Active voice: A quality of transitive verbs, present when the subject of the verb is actively performing an action upon a direct object. Transitive verbs and the sentences that contain them can be said to be in the active or the passive voice. Compare passive verb and passive voice. See Ch. 14.

主动语态（active voice）：及物动词的一种特性，出现在动词的主语正在对直接宾语主动执行动作时。及物动词和包含它们的句子可以说处于主动或被动语态。比较被动动词和被动语态。见第14章。

Adjectival: A term applied to any word, phrase, or clause that functions as an adjective. See Ch. 4.

形容词性结构（adjectival）：一个适用于任何充当形容词功能的词、短语或从句的术语。见第4章。

Adjective: A word that modifies a noun or pronoun: a small red convertible. One of the eight parts of speech. See Ch. 4.

形容词（adjective）：修饰名词或代词的词：a small red convertible. 八大词类之一。见第4章。

Adverbial: A term applied to any word, phrase, or clause that functions as an adverb. See Ch. 5.

副词性结构（adverbial）：一个适用于任何充当副词功能的词、短语或从句的术语。见第5章。

Adverb: A word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. One of the eight parts of speech. See Ch. 5.

副词（adverb）：修饰动词、形容词或另一个副词的词。八大词类之一。见第5章。

Antecedent: The noun that is placed by a pronoun: George explained why he was late. See Ch. 7.

先行词（antecedent）：被代词替代的名词：George explained why he was late. 见第7章。

Appositive: A noun phrase that renames or provides supplemental information about another noun phrase; the appositive usually appears immediately after the noun phrase: The club expelled that dull fellow, the grammarian. See Ch. 15.

同位语（appositive）：一个名词短语，重新命名或提供关于另一个名词短语的补充信息；同位语通常紧跟在名词短语之后：The club expelled that dull fellow, the grammarian. 见第15章。

Articles: The three words a, an, and the, considered here as a special class of adjectives. See Ch. 4.

冠词（article）：三个词 a, an 和 the，在此被视为形容词的一个特殊类别。见第4章。

Auxiliary verb: When a simple predicate contains more than one verb, the words before the main verb are auxiliary verbs: I can juggle. See Ch. 2.

助动词（auxiliary verb）：当一个简单谓语包含多个动词时，主要动词之前的词是助动词：I can juggle. 见第2章。

Case: A quality (or inflection) of English pronouns that indicates the function of the pronoun in a sentence. English pronouns can be in the nominative, objective, or possessive case. Also see person. See Ch. 7.

格（case）：英语代词的一种特性（或屈折变化），指示代词在句子中的功能。英语代词可以处于主格、宾格或所有格。另见人称。见第7章。

Clause: A unit of language that contains a subject and a predicate. See dependent clause and independent clause. All complete sentences contain at least one clause. See Ch. 10.

从句（clause）：一个包含主语和谓语的语法单位。见从属从句和独立从句。所有完整句子至少包含一个从句。见第10章。

Common noun: A noun that indicates a general class of persons, places, or things, instead of a particular member of that class. They are typically not capitalized. Examples: city, state, man. Compare proper noun. See Ch. 15.

普通名词（common noun）：指示一类一般的人、地点或事物而非该类中特定成员的名词。它们通常不大写。例子：city, state, man. 比较专有名词。见第15章。

Comparison: The three forms of many adjectives and adverbs, reflecting comparative degrees of quality or intensity: The forms are the positive degree (clumsy, careless), used to describe one person or thing; the comparative degree (clumsier, more careless), used to compare two; and the superlative degree (clumsiest, most careless) to compare three or more. See also regular adjective and regular adverb. See Ch. 4.

比较（comparison）：许多形容词和副词的三种形式，反映质量或强度的比较程度：这些形式是原级（positive degree，clumsy, careless），用于描述一个人或事物；比较级（comparative degree，clumsier, more careless），用于比较两个；最高级（superlative degree，clumsiest, most careless），用于比较三个或更多。另见规则形容词和规则副词。见第4章。

Complement: The noun or adjective that follows a transitive verb or a linking verb and completes the sense of the verb. There are five kinds: the direct object, indirect object, object complement, predicate adjective, and predicate nominative. Nominals and adjectivals can also be complements. See Chs. 8 and 14.

补语（complement）：跟在及物动词或连系动词之后并完成动词意义的名词或形容词。有五种：直接宾语、间接宾语、宾语补语、谓语形容词和谓语主格。名词性结构和形容词性结构也可以是补语。见第8章和第14章。

Complete predicate: The verb of a clause, with all its complements and modifiers. Your paternal grandmother, Mrs. Crowder, is a friend of mine. Compare complete subject and simple predicate. See Ch. 1.

完整谓语（complete predicate）：一个从句的动词，连同其所有补语和修饰语。Your paternal grandmother, Mrs. Crowder, is a friend of mine. 比较完整主语和简单谓语。见第1章。

Complete subject: The simple subject of a sentence, with all its modifiers and associated words (like adjectives, adjectivals, and appositives). Your paternal grandmother, Mrs. Crowder, is a friend of mine. Compare complete predicate and simple subject. See Ch. 1.

完整主语（complete subject）：一个句子的简单主语，连同其所有修饰语和相关词（如形容词、形容词性结构和同位语）。Your paternal grandmother, Mrs. Crowder, is a friend of mine. 比较完整谓语和简单主语。见第1章。

Complex sentence: One of four classifications of sentences based on grammatical structure, a complex sentence contains only one independent clause, and one or more dependent clauses: If you have never seen a complex sentence, you are reading one right now. Compare simple, compound, and compound-complex sentences. See Ch. 10.

复合句（complex sentence）：基于语法结构的四种句子分类之一，复合句只包含一个独立从句和一个或多个从属从句：If you have never seen a complex sentence, you are reading one right now. 比较简单句、并列句和并列复合句。见第10章。

Compound pronoun: A two-part pronoun: personal pronouns followed by a second element like –self (myself, yourself, yourselves), or interrogative pronouns followed by –ever (whoever, whomever, whatever). See also reflexive pronoun. See Chs. 12 and 19.

复合代词（compound pronoun）：一个由两部分组成的代词：人称代词后跟第二个元素如 –self（myself, yourself, yourselves），或疑问代词后跟 –ever（whoever, whomever, whatever）。另见反身代词。见第12章和第19章。

Compound sentence: One of four classifications of sentences based on grammatical structure, a compound sentence contains two or more independent clauses, and no dependent clauses; the clauses are joined by one or more coordinating conjunctions: This is an independent clause, and this is another one. Compare simple, complex, and compound-complex sentences. See Chs. 9 and 10.

并列句（compound sentence）：基于语法结构的四种句子分类之一，并列句包含两个或更多独立从句，没有从属从句；这些从句由一个或多个并列连词连接：This is an independent clause, and this is another one. 比较简单句、复合句和并列复合句。见第9章和第10章。

Compound structure: A grammatical structure consisting of two or more grammatically equivalent units of language, joined by coordinating conjunctions: Zombies and grammarians terrify me. Compare compound sentence. See Ch. 9.

并列结构（compound structure）：由两个或多个语法等价的语法单位组成的语法结构，由并列连词连接：Zombies and grammarians terrify me. 比较并列句。见第9章。

Compound-complex sentence: One of four classifications of sentences based on grammatical structure, a compound-complex sentence contains two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. If you have never seen a compound-complex sentence, you are reading one right now, and I hope you appreciate it. Compare simple, complex, and compound sentences. See Ch. 10.

并列复合句（compound-complex sentence）：基于语法结构的四种句子分类之一，并列复合句包含两个或更多独立从句和一个或多个从属从句。If you have never seen a compound-complex sentence, you are reading one right now, and I hope you appreciate it. 比较简单句、复合句和并列句。见第10章。

Conditional mood: One of the moods of verbs, the conditional mood expresses (by means of modal auxiliaries) necessary, possible, or permitted actions that may be performed at another time: I could say more about moods, but you would not appreciate it. See Ch. 20.

条件语气（conditional mood）：动词语气之一，条件语气（通过情态助动词）表达可能在另一个时间执行的必要、可能或允许的动作：I could say more about moods, but you would not appreciate it. 见第20章。

Conjunctions: Words (including coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions) that connect one unit of language with another. One of the eight parts of speech. See Ch. 9.

连词（conjunction）：将一个语法单位与另一个连接的词（包括并列连词和从属连词）。八大词类之一。见第9章。

Conjunctive adverb: An adverb that signals a relationship between the idea of its own clause and the idea of a preceding clause: e.g., therefore, thus, on the contrary, and many more. Conjunctive adverbs are not conjunctions; they do not, by themselves, join clauses. See Ch. 9.

连接副词（conjunctive adverb）：一个副词，标示其所在从句的意念与前一从句的意念之间的关系：例如 therefore, thus, on the contrary 等。连接副词不是连词；它们本身不连接从句。见第9章。

Coordinating conjunction: A class of seven conjunctions that join one unit of language with an equivalent unit, to create a compound structure, including compound sentences. They are also called the FANBOYS conjunctions: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. Compare correlative coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions. See Ch. 9.

并列连词（coordinating conjunction）：一类七个连词，将一个语法单位与一个等价单位连接，以创建并列结构，包括并列句。它们也被称为 FANBOYS 连词：for, and, nor, but, or, yet 和 so. 比较关联并列连词和从属连词。见第9章。

Correlative coordinating conjunction: A class of conjunctions, just four phrases, each consisting of two to four words, that function like coordinating conjunctions: They are either/or, neither/nor, both/and, and not only/but also. See Ch. 9.

关联并列连词（correlative coordinating conjunction）：一类连词，只有四个短语，每个由两到四个词组成，功能类似并列连词：它们是 either/or, neither/nor, both/and 和 not only/but also. 见第9章。

Correlative subordinating conjunctions: A sub-class of subordinate conjunctions that introduce subordinate clauses. See Ch. 9.

关联从属连词（correlative subordinating conjunction）：从属连词的一个子类，引导从属从句。见第9章。

Dangling participle: A participle that does not clearly or logically modify a nearby noun: Honking wildly, Jerome watched the car careen by. See Ch. 17.

悬垂分词（dangling participle）：没有清晰或逻辑地修饰附近名词的分词：Honking wildly, Jerome watched the car careen by. 见第17章。

Declarative sentence: A sentence that makes a statement of fact (I can juggle vases) in contrast to sentences that ask questions, give commands, or make speculations. Compare interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory sentences. See Introduction and Chs. 1 and 10.

陈述句（declarative sentence）：做出事实陈述（I can juggle vases）的句子，与问问题、发命令或做推测的句子相对。比较疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。见引言以及第1章和第10章。

Definite article: The article the, used to indicate a definite noun phrase, one that is already known to the listener: Give me the vase now. See indefinite article. See Ch. 4.

定冠词（definite article）：冠词 the，用于指示一个确定的名词短语，一个听者已经知道的短语：Give me the vase now. 见不定冠词。见第4章。

Demonstrative pronoun: Four pronouns – this, that, these, and those – that call attention to the antecedents in the immediate physical or verbal context: That is my bicycle. See Ch. 19.

指示代词（demonstrative pronoun）：四个代词——this, that, these 和 those——将注意力引向直接物理或语言上下文中的先行词：That is my bicycle. 见第19章。

Dependent clause: A unit of language that contains a subject and a predicate, but cannot stand by itself as a complete sentence: e.g., After we went to the concert, we came home. The nominal clause, the relative clause, and the subordinate clause are all dependent clauses. Compare independent clause. See Chs. 9, 10, and 13.

从属从句（dependent clause）：一个包含主语和谓语的语法单位，但不能独立作完整句子：例如 After we went to the concert, we came home. 名词性从句、关系从句和从属从句都是从属从句。比较独立从句。见第9、10和13章。

Descriptive grammar: An approach to language that describes the ways language is actually used by speakers, including speakers of non-standard dialects. Descriptive grammar does not make explicit judgements about what is right or wrong in a sentence. See the Introduction.

描写语法（descriptive grammar）：一种语言研究方法，描述说话者（包括非标准方言的说话者）实际使用语言的方式。描写语法不对句子的对错做出明确的判断。见引言。

Direct object: A complement for a transitive verb that receives the action of the verb: I can juggle vases. See Ch. 8.

直接宾语（direct object）：及物动词的补语，接受动词的动作：I can juggle vases. 见第8章。

Eight parts of speech: See parts of speech.

八大词类（eight parts of speech）：见词类。

Elliptical clause: A clause in which one or more grammatically necessary words (e.g., the subject, auxiliary verbs, or the main verb) are implicit: Montrose sings as poorly as I [sing]. See Chs. 9 and 20.

省略从句（elliptical clause）：一个从句，其中一个或多个语法上必要的词（如主语、助动词或主要动词）是隐含的：Montrose sings as poorly as I [sing]. 见第9章和第20章。

Exclamatory sentence: A sentence, often grammatically incomplete, that expresses emotion: What now? What the heck? See Ch. 10.

感叹句（exclamatory sentence）：一个通常语法上不完整、表达情感的句子：What now? What the heck? 见第10章。

Expletive: A term with several possible meanings. In one common usage, it is a profane or impolite word, sometimes represented in more polite written language like this: What the [expletive deleted]?

But here we use the term only for the words it and there when they are used in place of the complete subject, which is postponed until later in the clause, perhaps for emphasis or other purposes. In these examples, the complete subject is underlined:

虚词（expletive）：一个有几种可能含义的术语。在一种常见用法中，它是一个亵渎或不礼貌的词，有时在更礼貌的书面语言中这样表示：What the [expletive deleted]?

但在这里我们只将这个词用于 it 和 there，当它们被用来替代完整主语时，该主语被推迟到从句后面，也许是为了强调或其他目的。在这些例子中，完整主语以下划线标出：

No expletive: To find a fly is your soup is upsetting. With an expletive: It is upsetting to find a fly in your soup.

No expletive: Waiter, a fly is in my soup. With an expletive: Waiter, there is a fly in my soup.

Other variations are possible: Waiter, there is a [expletive deleted] fly in my soup. See Chs. 15 and 20.

其他变化也是可能的：Waiter, there is a [expletive deleted] fly in my soup. 见第15章和第20章。

Form: A word that may perform any of several functions, depending on its context: e.g., a particular noun (a form) can function as a subject, an appositive, a direct object, an indirect object, an object of a preposition, or others. See Chs. 3 and 16.

形式（form）：一个可以根据其上下文执行多种功能中的任何一种的词：例如，一个特定的名词（一种形式）可以作为主语、同位语、直接宾语、间接宾语、介词宾语等。见第3章和第16章。

Fragment sentence: A grammatically incomplete sentence. A fragment may lack a subject or a predicate, or (in writing) it may be a dependent clause punctuated like a complete sentence. Although it is usually written in error, a deliberate fragment, used carefully, can be an effective stylistic device. See Ch. 10.

片段句（fragment sentence）：一个语法上不完整的句子。片段可能缺少主语或谓语，或者（在书面语中）可能是像一个完整句子一样标点的从属从句。虽然它通常是错误地写出的，但一个谨慎使用的有意片段可能是一种有效的文体手段。见第10章。

Function: The grammatical role that a word plays in a particular sentence: e.g., a noun (a form) can function as a subject, direct object, indirect object, or in other ways. See Ch. 16.

功能（function）：一个词在特定句子中扮演的语法角色：例如，一个名词（一种形式）可以作为主语、直接宾语、间接宾语或其他方式发挥作用。见第16章。

Gender: The inflection of pronouns that reflects the sex of the antecedent of the pronoun: In English, the genders of pronouns are masculine, feminine, and neuter, and are present only in the third-person singular personal pronouns and in third-person singular reflexive pronouns. See Ch. 7.

性（gender）：反映代词先行词性别的代词屈折变化：在英语中，代词的性别有阳性、阴性和中性，且只出现在第三人称单数人称代词和第三人称单数反身代词中。见第7章。

Gerund: A kind of verbal, a present participle that is used nominally, as in Juggling is his hobby. See Ch. 17.

动名词（gerund）：一种动词性词，用作名词性功能的现在分词，如 Juggling is his hobby. 见第17章。

Grammar: A system of rules by which we create and comprehend sentences. See the Introduction.

语法（grammar）：我们创建和理解句子的一套规则系统。见引言。

Imperative mood: The mood of the verb in imperative sentences, in which the subject and auxiliaries are often implicit: Stop that! See Ch. 20.

祈使语气（imperative mood）：祈使句中动词的语气，其中主语和助动词通常是隐含的：Stop that! 见第20章。

Imperative sentence: A sentence that makes a command: Stop that juggling! See Ch. 10.

祈使句（imperative sentence）：发出命令的句子：Stop that juggling! 见第10章。

Indefinite article: The articles a and an, used to introduce a nonspecific noun phrase: Do not give that man a vase. See definite article. See Ch. 4.

不定冠词（indefinite article）：冠词 a 和 an，用于引入一个非特定的名词短语：Do not give that man a vase. 见定冠词。见第4章。

Indefinite pronoun: A pronoun that is typically without a specific antecedent: Anyone can dance. See Ch. 19.

不定代词（indefinite pronoun）：通常没有特定先行词的代词：Anyone can dance. 见第19章。

Independent clause: A clause that contains a subject and predicate, and can stand by itself as a complete sentence: e.g., We went home after the concert. Sometimes called a main clause, it does not contain a word (like a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun) that makes the clause dependent on another clause for grammatical completeness. Compare dependent clause. See Ch. 9.

独立从句（independent clause）：一个包含主语和谓语、可以独立作完整句子的从句：例如 We went home after the concert. 有时称为主句（main clause），它不包含使该从句在语法上依赖另一个从句的词（如从属连词或关系代词）。比较从属从句。见第9章。

Indicative mood: The mood of a verb used in declarative sentences. See Ch. 20.

陈述语气（indicative mood）：用于陈述句中动词的语气。见第20章。

Indirect object: A complement of a transitive verb that appears between the verb and the direct object and in some sense receives the direct object: We lent him the vases. See Ch. 8.

间接宾语（indirect object）：及物动词的补语，出现在动词和直接宾语之间，在某种意义上接收直接宾语：We lent him the vases. 见第8章。

Infinitive verb: A verbal, consisting of a basic form of a verb, and typically preceded by the particle to: e.g., to strive, to seek, to find. Infinitives can be used nominally, adjectivally, or adverbially. See Chs. 14 and 18.

不定式动词（infinitive verb）：一种动词性词，由动词的基本形式组成，通常前面有虚词 to：例如 to strive, to seek, to find. 不定式可以作为名词、形容词或副词使用。见第14章和第18章。

Inflection: Changes in the form of a word that indicate some change in the word's grammatical function. The suffixes in walks, walked, and walking are inflections. See the Introduction.

屈折变化（inflection）：词形的变化，指示该词语法功能的某些变化。walks, walked 和 walking 中的后缀就是屈折变化。见引言。

Interjection: A phrase that expresses an emotion or serves some social purpose (e.g., greetings, politeness, agreement, or disagreement), but performs no grammatical function in the sentence. One of the eight parts of speech. See Ch. 16.

感叹词（interjection）：一个表达情感或服务于某种社交目的（如问候、礼貌、同意或不同意）但在句子中不执行语法功能的短语。八大词类之一。见第16章。

Interrogative adverb: The adverbs when, where, why, and how when used to create a question: What did the President know, and when did he know it? See Ch. 5.

疑问副词（interrogative adverb）：副词 when, where, why 和 how 用于创建问题时：What did the President know, and when did he know it? 见第5章。

Interrogative mood: The mood of verbs in interrogative sentences. See Ch. 20.

疑问语气（interrogative mood）：疑问句中动词的语气。见第20章。

Interrogative pronoun: Pronouns used to ask questions, the answers to which will typically be nouns, and the antecedent of the pronoun: What did the President know, and who did he know? See Ch. 19.

疑问代词（interrogative pronoun）：用于提问的代词，答案通常为名词，作为代词的先行词：What did the President know, and who did he know? 见第19章。

Interrogative sentence: A sentence that asks a question: Has Mr. Morton left? They are often characterized by changes to the typical word order of declarative sentences, and by use of the do auxiliary, interrogative adverbs or pronouns, or tag questions: Did you do that? What did you do? You did that, didn't you? See Ch. 10.

疑问句（interrogative sentence）：提问的句子：Has Mr. Morton left? 它们通常以陈述句典型词序的变化为特征，以及使用 do 助动词、疑问副词或代词或附加疑问句：Did you do that? What did you do? You did that, didn't you? 见第10章。

Intransitive verb: An action verb that does not have a direct object: Mr. Morton left an hour ago. See Ch. 8.

不及物动词（intransitive verb）：没有直接宾语的动作动词：Mr. Morton left an hour ago. 见第8章。

Irregular adjective: An adjective whose comparison does not conform to the patterns found in regular adjectives: That is, the comparison is created with other inflections besides the -er and -est suffixes or the adverbs more and most: e.g., the comparison good, better, best is irregular. See Ch. 4.

不规则形容词（irregular adjective）：比较级不符合规则形容词模式的形容词：即，比较级是用除了 -er 和 -est 后缀或副词 more 和 most 之外的其他屈折变化创建的：例如比较级 good, better, best 是不规则的。见第4章。

Irregular adverb: An adverb whose comparison does not conform to the patterns found in regular adverbs: That is, the comparison is created with other inflections besides the -er and -est suffixes or the adverbs more and most. The comparison badly, worse, worst is irregular. See Ch. 5.

不规则副词（irregular adverb）：比较级不符合规则副词模式的副词：即，比较级是用除了 -er 和 -est 后缀或副词 more 和 most 之外的其他屈折变化创建的。比较级 badly, worse, worst 是不规则的。见第5章。

Irregular plural: A noun whose plural form does not conform to the usual pattern: men, women, children, octopi, and memoranda are irregular plurals. See Ch. 15.

不规则复数（irregular plural）：复数形式不符合通常模式的名词：men, women, children, octopi 和 memoranda 是不规则复数。见第15章。

Irregular verb: A verb whose principal parts do not conform to the pattern of regular verbs: lie, lay, lain are the principal parts of the irregular verb to lie (meaning "to recline"). See Ch. 3.

不规则动词（irregular verb）：主要部分不符合规则动词模式的动词：lie, lay, lain 是不规则动词 to lie（意为"躺下"）的主要部分。见第3章。

Linking verb: A verb that appears in a predicate that describes the subject of the sentence. Linking verbs include seem, become, appear, and all forms of be, and take predicate adjectives and predicate nominatives as complements: Mr. Lochenhocher appears angry; he is my neighbor. Compare action verb. See Chs. 2 and 8.

连系动词（linking verb）：出现在描述句子主语的谓语中的动词。连系动词包括 seem, become, appear 和 be 的所有形式，并以谓语形容词和谓语主格作为补语：Mr. Lochenhocher appears angry; he is my neighbor. 比较动作动词。见第2章和第8章。

Main clause: See independent clause.

主句（main clause）：见独立从句。

Main verb: The last verb in the simple predicate and the word that specifies the action: I can juggle. Compare auxiliary verb. See Ch. 2.

主要动词（main verb）：简单谓语中的最后一个动词，是指定动作的词：I can juggle. 比较助动词。见第2章。

Modal auxiliaries: Auxiliary verbs used to create the conditional mood: They are can, could; shall, should; will, would; and must, might, and may. See Ch. 20.

情态助动词（modal auxiliary）：用于创建条件语气的助动词：它们是 can, could; shall, should; will, would 以及 must, might 和 may. 见第20章。

Modifier: A word that modifies the meanings of other words: Adjectives modify the meanings of nouns, as adverbs modify the meaning of verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. See Chs. 1, 4, and 5.

修饰语（modifier）：修饰其他词的意义的词：形容词修饰名词的意义，副词修饰动词、形容词和其他副词的意义。见第1、4和5章。

Mood: The qualities of verbs that are appropriate for declarations, questions, commands, statements of necessity or possibility, and speculations. See conditional, imperative, indicative, interrogative, and subjunctive mood. See Ch. 20.

语气（mood）：适合陈述、问题、命令、必要性或可能性陈述以及推测的动词特性。见条件语气、祈使语气、陈述语气、疑问语气和虚拟语气。见第20章。

Nominal: A term applied to a word, phrase, or clause that performs the function of a noun. See Chs. 12 and 13.

名词性结构（nominal）：一个适用于执行名词功能的词、短语或从句的术语。见第12章和第13章。

Nominalizer: Any of the words if, that, and whether when used to create a nominal clause: I will know if you begin juggling. See Chs. 12 and 13.

名词化词（nominalizer）：词 if, that 和 whether 中的任何一个，用于创建名词性从句：I will know if you begin juggling. 见第12章和第13章。

Nominative case: One of the three cases of English pronouns, marking those used as the subject of a clause: I, we, he, she, and they are in the nominative case. See Chs. 7 and 8.

主格（nominative case）：英语代词的三种格之一，标记那些用作从句主语的代词：I, we, he, she 和 they 处于主格。见第7章和第8章。

Non-restrictive appositive: An appositive that is not needed to clarify the meaning of the noun it renames. It is usually enclosed in commas: My very best friend, Luis, will drive us to the airport. You have only one very best friend, so Luis merely supplements the meaning of friend. Compare restrictive appositive. See Ch. 15.

非限制性同位语（non-restrictive appositive）：不需要用来澄清其所重新命名的名词意义的同位语。它通常被逗号包围：My very best friend, Luis, will drive us to the airport. 你只有一个最好的朋友，所以 Luis 仅仅补充了 friend 的意义。比较限制性同位语。见第15章。

Non-restrictive phrase or clause: A structure that modifies a noun but does not restrict (or limit) its reference. These structures are usually set off from the noun by commas, as with this non-restrictive relative clause: Bring me the rake, which is in the garage. (There is only one rake, and the relative clause provides supplementary information.) The term is also applied to appositives. Compare restrictive phrase or clause. See Chs. 11 and 15.

非限制性短语或从句（non-restrictive phrase or clause）：修饰名词但不限制（或限定）其指称的结构。这些结构通常用逗号与名词隔开，如这个非限制性关系从句：Bring me the rake, which is in the garage.（只有一把耙子，关系从句提供补充信息。）这个术语也适用于同位语。比较限制性短语或从句。见第11章和第15章。

Noun: A word that indicates a person, place, thing, or idea. Most nouns can be singular or plural; all can be modified by adjectives. See common noun and proper noun. See Chs. 2 and 15.

名词（noun）：表示人、地点、事物或概念的词。大多数名词可以是单数或复数；所有名词都可以被形容词修饰。见普通名词和专有名词。见第2章和第15章。

Noun of direct address: A noun phrase that names the person addressed in the sentence: Phineas, you are stopping on my foot! Please welcome, ladies and gentlemen, our next speaker. See Ch. 15.

呼语名词（noun of direct address）：一个名词短语，命名句子中被称呼的人：Phineas, you are stopping on my foot! Please welcome, ladies and gentlemen, our next speaker. 见第15章。

Noun phrase: A noun and all its modifiers and related structures (like appositives): Birds, the birds, and the terrifying birds in Hitchcock's film are all noun phrases. See Ch. 4.

名词短语（noun phrase）：一个名词及其所有修饰语和相关结构（如同位语）：Birds, the birds 和 the terrifying birds in Hitchcock's film 都是名词短语。见第4章。

Object complement: An adjective or noun phrase that follows a transitive verb and its direct object and describes the direct object in some way: We have made Donald Trump President. This election is making me jumpy. See Ch. 8.

宾语补语（object complement）：一个形容词或名词短语，跟在及物动词及其直接宾语之后，以某种方式描述直接宾语：We have made Donald Trump President. This election is making me jumpy. 见第8章。

Objective case: One of the cases of English pronouns, marking those used as a direct or indirect object, an object of a preposition, and some other functions: me, us, him, her, and them are all in the objective case. Compare nominative case and possessive case. See Chs. 7 and 8.

宾格（objective case）：英语代词的格之一，标记那些用作直接或间接宾语、介词宾语和一些其他功能的代词：me, us, him, her 和 them 都处于宾格。比较主格和所有格。见第7章和第8章。

Object of a preposition: The noun phrase or pronoun that typically follows a preposition in a prepositional phrase: To Elise, at your service, and in your face. Pronouns will be in the objective case. See Ch. 6.

介词宾语（object of a preposition）：通常在介词短语中跟在介词后面的名词短语或代词：To Elise, at your service 和 in your face. 代词将处于宾格。见第6章。

Paragraph coherence: The quality of a paragraph that is unified in subject matter and cohesive in the order and content of sentences: All the sentences in the paragraph are clearly on the same topic, all contributing to the point of the paragraph, and each sentence leads logically to the next. Thoughtfully used, pronouns and antecedents, adverbs, conjunctions, and sentence structure can contribute to coherence. See Chs. 9 and 14.

段落连贯性（paragraph coherence）：一个段落在主题上统一、在句子顺序和内容上衔接的品质：段落中的所有句子都明确地涉及同一主题，都为段落的要点做出贡献，每个句子逻辑地引导到下一个。谨慎使用代词和先行词、副词、连词和句子结构可以促进连贯性。见第9章和第14章。

Participle: One kind of verbal: The past participle or present participle form of a verb, used adjectivally:

分词（participle）：一种动词性词：动词的过去分词或现在分词形式，以形容词方式使用：

Past participle: Thrilled, Jerome sped down the street in his new car. Present participle: Honking wildly, Jerome drove his new car to his parents' home.

Compare the dangling participle. See Ch. 17.

比较悬垂分词。见第17章。

Particle: As the term is used here, a particle is the first part of an infinitive verb (to rise, to fall), or the second part of a phrasal verb (write in, write out, pass out, come to). These particles always resemble prepositions, but are not prepositions (or adverbs, or any other part of speech). They are considered part of the infinitive or phrasal verb. See Chs. 14 and 18.

虚词/小品词（particle）：按此处的用法，虚词是不定式动词的第一部分（to rise, to fall），或短语动词的第二部分（write in, write out, pass out, come to）。这些虚词总是类似于介词，但不是介词（或副词，或任何其他词类）。它们被视为不定式或短语动词的一部分。见第14章和第18章。

Parts of speech: The eight categories of words into which all the words in a sentence can (theoretically) be placed: adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, nouns, prepositions, pronouns, verbs, and interjections. See Ch. 16.

词类（parts of speech）：一个句子中所有词（理论上）可以被归入的八个类别：形容词、副词、连词、名词、介词、代词、动词和感叹词。见第16章。

Passive complements: The complements of passive verbs, including direct objects, predicate adjectives, and predicate nominatives: When Mr. Trump was elected President, Mother was given time to recover. See Ch. 14.

被动补语（passive complement）：被动动词的补语，包括直接宾语、谓语形容词和谓语主格：When Mr. Trump was elected President, Mother was given time to recover. 见第14章。

Passive verb: A transitive verb in the passive voice, creating a sentence in which the subject passively receives the action of the verb: The windows were shattered by the explosion. The explosion was caused by unknown circumstances. Compare active verb. See Ch. 14.

被动动词（passive verb）：被动语态中的及物动词，创建一个主语被动地接受动词动作的句子：The windows were shattered by the explosion. The explosion was caused by unknown circumstances. 比较主动动词。见第14章。

Past: The second of the three principal parts of any verb, used to create the past tense: e.g., spoke, sang, shouted. See Ch. 3.

过去式（past）：任何动词三个主要部分中的第二个，用于创建过去时：例如 spoke, sang, shouted. 见第3章。

Past participle: The third of the three principal parts of any verb, used with the auxiliary have to create perfect tenses: have spoken, had sung, will have shouted. See Ch. 3.

过去分词（past participle）：任何动词三个主要部分中的第三个，与助动词 have 一起用于创建完成时：have spoken, had sung, will have shouted. 见第3章。

Past tense: The tense created with the second of the three principal parts, the past form: e.g., Yesterday we spoke, we sang, and we shouted. See Ch. 3.

过去时（past tense）：用三个主要部分中的第二个（过去式形式）创建的时态：例如 Yesterday we spoke, we sang, and we shouted. 见第3章。

Person: A quality of personal pronouns and some other pronouns that indicates that a pronoun refers to the speaker (e.g., I, we, myself in the first person), to the audience (you, yourself in the second person), or to a third party (he, she, they, themselves in the third person). Also see case. See Ch. 7.

人称（person）：人称代词和一些其他代词的一种特性，指示代词指说话者（如第一人称中的 I, we, myself）、指听众（第二人称中的 you, yourself）或指第三方（第三人称中的 he, she, they, themselves）。另见格。见第7章。

Perfect progressive tense: The verb tense consisting of an auxiliary that is some form of have been followed by a main verb that is a present participle: have been explaining, had been defining, will have been clarifying. Compare simple progressive tense. See Ch. 3.

完成进行时（perfect progressive tense）：由一个某种形式的 have been 助动词后跟一个作为现在分词的主要动词组成的动词时态：have been explaining, had been defining, will have been clarifying. 比较简单进行时。见第3章。

Perfect tense: The tenses created with the past participle of a verb, preceded by some form of the auxiliary have. These clauses represent the present perfect, past perfect, and future perfect tenses: e.g., Today we have spoken, earlier we had spoken, and soon we will have spoken again. See Ch. 3.

完成时（perfect tense）：用动词的过去分词创建的时态，前面有某种形式的助动词 have. 这些从句代表现在完成时、过去完成时和将来完成时：例如 Today we have spoken, earlier we had spoken, and soon we will have spoken again. 见第3章。

Personal pronouns: The most commonly used pronouns, they show number, case, person, and gender: e.g., I, me, my; you, yours; she, her, hers. See Ch. 7.

人称代词（personal pronoun）：最常用的代词，它们显示数、格、人称和性：例如 I, me, my; you, yours; she, her, hers. 见第7章。

Phrasal prepositions: A single preposition consisting of two words: e.g., according to, because of. See Ch. 6.

短语介词（phrasal preposition）：由两个词组成的单个介词：例如 according to, because of. 见第6章。

Phrasal verb: A main verb consisting of two words, the second of which (called a particle) resembles a preposition: call in (to telephone), make up (to reconcile), take off (to leave). See Ch. 14.

短语动词（phrasal verb）：由两个词组成的主要动词，其中第二个（称为虚词）类似于介词：call in（打电话），make up（和解），take off（离开）。见第14章。

Phrase: A word or series of words used as a single grammatical unit: e.g., a noun phrase or a prepositional phrase. See Ch. 4.

短语（phrase）：一个词或一系列词用作单个语法单位：例如名词短语或介词短语。见第4章。

Possessive case: One of the three cases of English personal pronouns, marking those used to indicate ownership: e.g., my, mine; your, yours; his, her, hers, its; and their, theirs. See Ch. 7.

所有格（possessive case）：英语人称代词的三种格之一，标记那些用于指示所有权的代词：例如 my, mine; your, yours; his, her, hers, its 以及 their, theirs. 见第7章。

Predicate: That portion of any clause that provides information about the subject, describing the subject or indicating the subject's actions. Mr. Morton is outrageous. Mr. Morton has broken all the vases. The predicate of any clause contains the complete verb of the sentence, as well as the modifiers and complements of the verb. See complete predicate and simple predicate. See Ch. 1.

谓语（predicate）：任何从句中提供关于主语信息的部分，描述主语或指示主语的动作。Mr. Morton is outrageous. Mr. Morton has broken all the vases. 任何从句的谓语包含句子的完整动词，以及动词的修饰语和补语。见完整谓语和简单谓语。见第1章。

Predicate adjective: A complement: An adjective or adjectival phrase that follows a linking verb and describes the subject: Ed is late. See Ch. 8.

谓语形容词（predicate adjective）：一种补语：一个跟在连系动词之后并描述主语的形容词或形容词短语：Ed is late. 见第8章。

Predicate nominative: A complement: A noun, a pronoun, or a nominal phrase or clause that follows a linking verb and describes the subject: Ed is the chairman. Sometimes called a predicate noun. See Ch. 8.

谓语主格（predicate nominative）：一种补语：一个跟在连系动词之后并描述主语的名词、代词或名词性短语或从句：Ed is the chairman. 有时称为谓语名词（predicate noun）。见第8章。

Preposition: A word that typically precedes the object of a preposition (a noun phrase or pronoun) to create a prepositional phrase, used as an adjectival or adverbial modifier: Some common prepositions are of, in, to, at, with, and beside. See Ch. 6.

介词（preposition）：一个通常位于介词宾语（名词短语或代词）之前以创建介词短语的词，用作形容词或副词修饰语：一些常见介词有 of, in, to, at, with 和 beside. 见第6章。

Prepositional phrase: A phrase constructed with a preposition and an object of a preposition to create an adjectival or adverbial modifier: In a hurry, to school, by nine o'clock. See Ch. 6.

介词短语（prepositional phrase）：用一个介词和一个介词宾语构建的短语，用于创建形容词或副词修饰语：In a hurry, to school, by nine o'clock. 见第6章。

Prescriptive grammar: An approach to language that describes how English should be used to conform to the standard dialect of the language. See the Introduction.

规定语法（prescriptive grammar）：一种描述英语应该如何被使用以符合语言标准方言的语言研究方法。见引言。

Present participle: The fourth principal part of any verb, indicated by the -ing suffix: reading, listening, thinking. As a main verb, it is used to create the simple progressive and perfect progressive tenses. See Ch. 3.

现在分词（present participle）：任何动词的第四个主要部分，由 -ing 后缀表示：reading, listening, thinking. 作为主要动词，它用于创建简单进行时和完成进行时。见第3章。

Principal parts: A conventional way of summarizing the forms of a verb used to create tenses: the present, the past, and the past participle. A fourth, the present participle, is sometimes included. See Ch. 3.

主要部分（principal parts）：一种总结用于创建时态的动词形式的常规方式：现在式、过去式和过去分词。第四个，现在分词，有时也被包括。见第3章。

Progressive tense: See simple progressive and perfect progressive.

进行时（progressive tense）：见简单进行时和完成进行时。

Pronoun: A word that typically takes the place of a noun that appears elsewhere in the context, as in Mr. Morton broke his own vases. See antecedent. One of the eight parts of speech. See Ch. 7.

代词（pronoun）：一个通常替代出现在上下文其他地方的名词的词，如 Mr. Morton broke his own vases. 见先行词。八大词类之一。见第7章。

Pronoun agreement: The condition of a personal pronoun when its number and gender is consistent with the number and gender of the antecedent: My daughter actually did her homework. See Ch. 7.

代词一致（pronoun agreement）：当人称代词的数和性与先行词的数和性一致时的状态：My daughter actually did her homework. 见第7章。

Proper noun: A noun that refers to a specific person, place, thing, or idea. In English proper nouns are typically capitalized: Springfield, Illinois, Lincoln. Compare common noun. See Ch. 15.

专有名词（proper noun）：指特定人、地点、事物或概念的名词。在英语中，专有名词通常大写：Springfield, Illinois, Lincoln. 比较普通名词。见第15章。

Reciprocal Pronoun: The pronouns each other and one another. See Ch. 19.

相互代词（reciprocal pronoun）：代词 each other 和 one another. 见第19章。

Reflexive pronoun: A compound pronoun made up of a personal pronoun and –self, used for emphasis: I myself saw it happen. Ask Ruthie to do it herself. In an active voice sentence, reflexive pronouns can be used to indicate an action performed by the subject of the sentence upon the subject: Mr. Morton hurt himself. See Ch. 19.

反身代词（reflexive pronoun）：由一个人称代词和 –self 组成的复合代词，用于强调：I myself saw it happen. Ask Ruthie to do it herself. 在主动语态句子中，反身代词可以用于指示由句子主语对主语本身执行的动作：Mr. Morton hurt himself. 见第19章。

Regular adjective: An adjective whose comparison is formed using only the -er and -est suffixes or the adverbs more and most. The comparison silly, sillier, silliest is regular. Compare irregular adjective. See Ch. 4.

规则形容词（regular adjective）：比较级只用 -er 和 -est 后缀或副词 more 和 most 形成的形容词。比较级 silly, sillier, silliest 是规则的。比较不规则形容词。见第4章。

Regular adverb: An adverb whose comparison is formed using only the -er and -est suffixes or the adverbs more and most. The comparison erratically, more erratically, most erratically is regular. Compare irregular adverb. See Ch. 5.

规则副词（regular adverb）：比较级只用 -er 和 -est 后缀或副词 more 和 most 形成的副词。比较级 erratically, more erratically, most erratically 是规则的。比较不规则副词。见第5章。

Regular verb: A verb whose principal parts follow a predictable pattern: The past and past participle forms are identical, and both end in -d (or, in a few cases, -t). Examples: juggle, juggled, have juggled. Compare irregular verb. See Ch. 3.

规则动词（regular verb）：主要部分遵循可预测模式的动词：过去式和过去分词形式相同，都以 -d（或在少数情况下以 -t）结尾。例子：juggle, juggled, have juggled. 比较不规则动词。见第3章。

Relative adverb: The adverbs where and when, used to create relative clauses that modify nouns of place or time: Lamar, Missouri, is the little town where Harry S. Truman was born. I was born on April 12, the day when Truman was born. See Ch. 11.

关系副词（relative adverb）：副词 where 和 when，用于创建修饰地点或时间名词的关系从句：Lamar, Missouri, is the little town where Harry S. Truman was born. I was born on April 12, the day when Truman was born. 见第11章。

Relative clause: An adjectival dependent clause that is joined to another clause by a relative pronoun or relative adverb: That is the idiot who broke all my vases. He will not live to see the day when I let him in my house again. See Chs. 11 and 13.

关系从句（relative clause）：一个形容词性从属从句，由关系代词或关系副词连接到另一个从句：That is the idiot who broke all my vases. He will not live to see the day when I let him in my house again. 见第11章和第13章。

Relative pronoun: The pronouns who, whom, whose, that, and which, which appear at or near the beginning of a relative clause, as in this sentence. See Ch. 11.

关系代词（relative pronoun）：代词 who, whom, whose, that 和 which，出现在关系从句的开头或附近，如本句所示。见第11章。

Restrictive appositive: An appositive that restricts (or limits) the meaning of the noun it renames. It is not enclosed in commas: My friend Luis will drive us to the airport. You have many friends, so Luis restricts the reference of friend. Compare non-restrictive appositive. See Ch. 15.

限制性同位语（restrictive appositive）：限制（或限定）其所重新命名的名词意义的同位语。它不被逗号包围：My friend Luis will drive us to the airport. 你有很多朋友，所以 Luis 限制了 friend 的指称。比较非限制性同位语。见第15章。

Restrictive phrase or clause: A structure that modifies a noun and restricts (or limits) its reference. These structures are usually not set off from the noun by commas, as with this relative clause: Bring me the rake that is in the garage. (Here the situation is that there is more than one rake, and the speaker wants a specific one; the relative clause restricts the range of reference of rake.) Compare non-restrictive phrase or clause. The term restrictive is also applied to appositives. See Chs. 11 and 15.

限制性短语或从句（restrictive phrase or clause）：修饰名词并限制（或限定）其指称的结构。这些结构通常不用逗号与名词隔开，如这个关系从句：Bring me the rake that is in the garage.（这里的情况是有多把耙子，说话者想要特定的一把；关系从句限制了 rake 的指称范围。）比较非限制性短语或从句。术语"限制性"也适用于同位语。见第11章和第15章。

Sentence: A unit of language that contains at least one independent clause; sentences are the usual focus of grammatical study. See the Introduction and Ch. 10.

句子（sentence）：一个至少包含一个独立从句的语法单位；句子是语法研究的通常重点。见引言和第10章。

Sentence modifier: A phrase or clause that indicates the writer's attitude or intention about the sentence that contains the modifier; they often resemble adverbs: Tragically, we're nowhere near the end of this glossary. See Ch. 10.

句子修饰语（sentence modifier）：一个短语或从句，指示作者对包含该修饰语的句子的态度或意图；它们通常类似于副词：Tragically, we're nowhere near the end of this glossary. 见第10章。

Sentence structure: A term that often refers to the type and number of clauses a sentence contains, classifying it accordingly as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex. But the term is also used for other features of a sentence: e.g., parallel structure or periodic structure. See the Introduction and Ch. 10.

句子结构（sentence structure）：一个通常指句子所包含从句的类型和数量的术语，相应地将句子分类为简单、并列、复合或并列复合。但这个术语也用于句子的其他特征：例如平行结构或圆周结构。见引言和第10章。

Simple predicate: The simple predicate consists only of the main verb and its auxiliary verbs, excluding any modifiers or complements. In the preceding sentence, the simple predicate is consists. See Ch. 1.

简单谓语（simple predicate）：简单谓语仅由主要动词及其助动词组成，不包括任何修饰语或补语。在前一句中，简单谓语是 consists. 见第1章。

Simple progressive tense: Also called the progressive tense. The verb tense consisting of an auxiliary that is some form of be followed by a main verb that is a present participle: am explaining, was defining, will be clarifying. Compare perfect progressive tense. See Ch. 3.

简单进行时（simple progressive tense）：也称为进行时。由一个某种形式的 be 助动词后跟一个作为现在分词的主要动词组成的动词时态：am explaining, was defining, will be clarifying. 比较完成进行时。见第3章。

Simple sentence: A sentence consisting of just one independent clause and no dependent clauses: Mr. Morton juggles. See also compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences. See Ch. 10.

简单句（simple sentence）：仅由一个独立从句组成、没有从属从句的句子：Mr. Morton juggles. 另见并列句、复合句和并列复合句。见第10章。

Simple subject: The noun phrase or pronoun that indicates what (or whom) the clause is about, excluding modifiers or other associated structures: Little Ruthie, the girl next door, is learning the bagpipes. The girl next door, that Ruthie, is driving me crazy. See complete subject and predicate. See Ch. 1.

简单主语（simple subject）：指示从句关于什么（或谁）的名词短语或代词，不包括修饰语或其他相关结构：Little Ruthie, the girl next door, is learning the bagpipes. The girl next door, that Ruthie, is driving me crazy. 见完整主语和谓语。见第1章。

Simple tenses: The past, present, and future tenses of a verb, in contrast to the perfect and progressive tenses: I juggle; I juggled, I will juggle. See Ch. 3.

简单时态（simple tense）：一个动词的过去、现在和将来时，与完成时和进行时相对：I juggle; I juggled, I will juggle. 见第3章。

Subject: That portion of any clause that states what the clause is about: Mr. Morton is outrageous. Mr. Morton has broken all the vases. The complete subject of any clause typically contains a noun or pronoun (or some nominal structure) as well as modifiers of the noun. See complete subject and simple subject. See Ch. 1.

主语（subject）：任何从句中陈述从句关于什么的部分：Mr. Morton is outrageous. Mr. Morton has broken all the vases. 任何从句的完整主语通常包含一个名词或代词（或某个名词性结构）以及该名词的修饰语。见完整主语和简单主语。见第1章。

Subject complement: Another common term for the predicate adjective and predicate nominative.

主语补语（subject complement）：谓语形容词和谓语主格的另一个常用术语。

Subject-verb agreement: The condition of a verb when it is consistent with the number and person of the subject of the verb: I juggle, he juggles, they juggle. See Ch. 2.

主谓一致（subject-verb agreement）：当动词与动词主语的数和人称一致时的状态：I juggle, he juggles, they juggle. 见第2章。

Subjunctive mood: The mood of verbs in clauses about hypothetical situations (e.g., wishes, prayers, and speculations), often combined with conditional mood clause: If I were you, I'd stop juggling. See Ch. 20.

虚拟语气（subjunctive mood）：关于假设情况（如愿望、祈祷和推测）的从句中动词的语气，通常与条件语气从句结合：If I were you, I'd stop juggling. 见第20章。

Subordinate clause: An adverbial dependent clause that begins with a subordinating conjunction. Before Ruthie took up the bagpipes, Mr. Lochenhocher was a happy man. See Chs. 9 and 13.

从属从句（subordinate clause）：一个以从属连词开头的副词性从属从句。Before Ruthie took up the bagpipes, Mr. Lochenhocher was a happy man. 见第9章和第13章。

Subordinating conjunction: A class of conjunctions that join an independent clause with a dependent clause to create a complex or compound-complex sentence. Compare coordinating conjunction and subordinate clause. See Ch. 9.

从属连词（subordinating conjunction）：一类连词，将独立从句与从属从句连接，以创建复合句或并列复合句。比较并列连词和从属从句。见第9章。

Tag Question: A tag question is added to the end of a declarative sentence with a comma, and it repeats the auxiliary verb and the subject of the declarative. If the declarative is positive (You did forget your textbooks), the tag question is negative (didn't you?). If the declarative is negative (I won't need them), the tag is positive (will I?). See Ch. 10.

附加疑问句（tag question）：附加疑问句用逗号添加在陈述句的末尾，它重复陈述句的助动词和主语。如果陈述句是肯定的（You did forget your textbooks），附加疑问句是否定的（didn't you?）。如果陈述句是否定的（I won't need them），附加疑问句是肯定的（will I?）。见第10章。

Tense: The quality of verbs, signaled by inflections and auxiliaries, that indicates the point in time when the action took place: e.g., past, present, or future. See simple, perfect, and progressive tenses. See Ch. 3.

时态（tense）：动词的特性，由屈折变化和助动词标示，指示动作发生的时间点：例如过去、现在或将来。见简单时态、完成时态和进行时态。见第3章。

Three principal parts: See principal parts, and Ch. 3.

三个主要部分（three principal parts）：见主要部分和第3章。

Transitive verb: A verb that is performing an action upon a direct object in an active voice sentence, or performing an action upon the subject in a passive voice sentence. See Ch. 8.

及物动词（transitive verb）：在主动语态句子中对直接宾语执行动作，或在被动语态句子中对主语执行动作的动词。见第8章。

Transposed order: Describes a declarative sentence in which the subject appears after the predicate: Quietly rose the sun. Gently fell the vases. See Ch. 1.

倒装语序（transposed order）：描述主语出现在谓语之后的陈述句：Quietly rose the sun. Gently fell the vases. 见第1章。

Verb: One of the eight parts of speech, verbs indicate actions (e.g., read, write, walk, drive, think, consider) or states of being (e.g., become, seem, and forms of be). Verbs are often said to be the most important part of the sentence because they contain so much information (e.g., tense, voice, mood, as well as the state of being or action expressed in the main verb), and because they are a locus for other important structures (adverbials and complements). See Chs. 2, 3, 8, and 14.

动词（verb）：八大词类之一，动词指示动作（如 read, write, walk, drive, think, consider）或状态（如 become, seem 和 be 的各种形式）。动词常被说成是句子中最重要的部分，因为它们包含如此多的信息（如时态、语态、语气以及主要动词中表达的状态或动作），并且因为它们是其他重要结构（副词和补语）的中心。见第2、3、8和14章。

Verbal: A verb form used for another function, as a noun, adjective, or adverb. There are three kinds: the gerund, infinitive, and participle. See Chs. 17 and 18.

动词性词（verbal）：用于另一种功能的动词形式，如名词、形容词或副词。有三种：动名词、不定式和分词。见第17章和第18章。

Voice: A term applied to transitive verbs and the sentences that contain them: These verbs and sentences are said to be in the active voice or the passive voice, depending on the expressed relationship between the subject of the sentence and its verb: Is the subject actively performing the action (Mr. Morton juggled the vases) or passively receiving it (The vases were juggled by Mr. Morton)? See Ch. 14.

语态（voice）：适用于及物动词和包含它们的句子的术语：这些动词和句子据说是处于主动语态或被动语态，取决于句子主语与其动词之间表达的关系：主语是在主动执行动作（Mr. Morton juggled the vases）还是在被动接受动作（The vases were juggled by Mr. Morton）？见第14章。