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Chapter 17

Those Verbing Verbals 那些动词化的动词性词 Gerunds and Participles 动名词（gerund）与分词（participle）

A verbal is a verb that doesn't mind its own business. It is a verb in form with a different function---it's a verb behaving like another part of speech. (The nerve of some verbs.) A verbal can function as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb.

动词性词（verbal）是一个不管自己事情的动词。它是一个形式上是动词但有不同的功能——它是一个表现得像另一个词类的动词。（某些动词真够胆大的。）动词性词可以作为名词、形容词或副词。

While verbals are used as other parts of speech, they retain some of the important qualities of verbs. For example, they can take direct objects and indirect objects and other complements, and they can be modified by adverbs. Because they're versatile, verbals are enormously useful to writers who understand the power of verbs and want to work as much action into their sentences as possible.

虽然动词性词用作其他词类，但它们保留了动词的一些重要特性。例如，它们可以带直接宾语和间接宾语以及其他补足语，并且可以被副词修饰。因为它们用途广泛，动词性词对于那些理解动词力量并希望尽可能多地将动作融入句子的作者来说极为有用。

There are only three kinds of verbals, and in this chapter we'll discuss the two simplest kinds: gerunds and participles. The infinitives will come next.

动词性词只有三种，在本章中我们将讨论最简单的两种：动名词和分词。不定式将在后面介绍。

GERUNDS: VERBS AS NOUNS 动名词：动词作名词

A gerund appears only in the present participle form (the –ing form) and it's always used as a noun:

动名词只以现在分词形式（–ing 形式）出现，并且它总是用作名词：

I enjoy baking. And I enjoy hiking. And I also enjoy reading. Once, I tried reading and hiking at the same time, and it did not go well.

In all the sentences above, the gerund phrase (underlined) functions as a direct object. Some gerunds, created from transitive verbs, can also take their own direct objects.

在上面的所有句子中，动名词短语（划线部分）充当直接宾语。一些由及物动词构成的动名词也可以带自己的直接宾语。

In both of the following sentences, the underlined portion includes the gerund, which is the direct object of the sentences, and another noun phrase, which is the direct object of the verbal:

在以下两个句子中，划线部分包括动名词（它是句子的直接宾语）以及另一个名词短语（它是动词性词的直接宾语）：

I enjoy baking cakes. I enjoy reading books.

Gerunds can also take indirect objects:

动名词也可以带间接宾语：

I enjoy baking my friends cakes. I enjoy reading my son books.

Notice that these last examples are each, in a way, a combination of two clauses. The second example could be said to contain these two ideas:

请注意，这些最后的示例每个在某种程度上都是两个从句的组合。第二个示例可以说包含以下两个意思：

I enjoy reading. （我喜欢阅读。） I read my child books. （我给我的孩子读书。）

We reduced the second sentence above (I read my child books) into a gerund phrase: I enjoy reading my child books.

我们将上面的第二个句子（I read my child books）简化为动名词短语：I enjoy reading my child books。

That's why gerund phrases (and verbal phrases of all kinds) are sometimes called reduced clauses. They are not true clauses, but the information that they contain could be the basis of a clause.

这就是为什么动名词短语（以及所有类型的动词性短语）有时被称为缩减从句（reduced clause）。它们不是真正的从句，但它们包含的信息可以成为一个从句的基础。

We can also make gerunds out of transitive verbs with object complements:

我们也可以用带宾语补足语的及物动词构成动名词：

We regret making Albert angry.

In this sentence, the entire gerund phrase, making Albert angry, is the direct object of regret. Within the phrase, Albert is the direct object of making, and angry is the object complement describing Albert.

在这个句子中，整个动名词短语 making Albert angry 是 regret 的直接宾语。在该短语内部，Albert 是 making 的直接宾语，而 angry 是描述 Albert 的宾语补足语。

Gerunds created from linking verbs can be used with predicate nouns and predicate adjectives. In the next two sentences, the verbal phrase is a direct object of the transitive verb enjoys:

由系动词构成的动名词可以与表语名词和表语形容词一起使用。在以下两个句子中，动词性短语是及物动词 enjoys 的直接宾语：

Stanley enjoys being a comedian. Oliver enjoys being funny.

In both these sentences, the gerund being is created from a linking verb. In the first sentence, comedian is a predicate nominative; in the second, funny is a predicate adjective.

在这两个句子中，动名词 being 由系动词构成。在第一个句子中，comedian 是表语名词；在第二个中，funny 是表语形容词。

Gerunds can be subjects:

动名词可以作主语：

Singing is his favorite pastime. Becoming a musician is his goal. (The phrase a musician is the predicate nominative of becoming.) （短语 a musician 是 becoming 的表语名词。）

Below, singing has a direct object:

下面，singing 有一个直接宾语：

Singing hymns is his favorite pastime.

And here, gerund phrases are appositives:

而这里，动名词短语是同位语：

His pastime, singing hymns, has made him many friends. His other pastime, telling naughty stories, has lost him a few friends.

A gerund phrase can also be the object of a preposition:

动名词短语也可以是介词的宾语：

He always has time for singing hymns. He has talked about becoming a musician.

PARTICIPLES: VERBS AS ADJECTIVES 分词：动词作形容词

Now we need to remember two forms of verbs: The present participles of verbs (the –ing forms) and the past participles of verbs (the forms used with have, as in have known or had seen).

现在我们需要记住动词的两种形式：动词的现在分词（–ing 形式）和动词的过去分词（与 have 一起使用的形式，如 have known 或 had seen）。

These forms are used to create adjectival phrases that precede the noun. In some sentence structures, with the right punctuation, they can also follow the noun:

这些形式用于创建位于名词之前的形容词性短语。在一些句子结构中，使用正确的标点符号，它们也可以跟在名词之后：

The soaring airplane roared overhead. The airplane, soaring, roared overhead.

Walking quickly to the door, the detective threw it open. The detective, walking quickly to the door, threw it open.

We watched the snow falling softly. We watched the softly falling snow.

Shaken from his fall, the old man sat for a moment. The old man, shaken from his fall, sat for a moment.

Heard across the street, the scream disturbed the neighbors. The scream, heard across the street, disturbed the neighbors.

As these examples illustrate, the participle can be accompanied by adverbs. And the participle phrase should usually be close to the noun it modifies.

正如这些示例说明的，分词可以伴随副词。分词短语通常应该靠近它所修饰的名词。

Participles created from transitive verbs can have their own direct objects:

由及物动词构成的分词可以有自己的直接宾语：

Shoveling snow, Mr. Lochenhocher grew tired. Reading the poem aloud, Mrs. Mays grew emotional. Taking his time, Bill is recovering from the accident.

Participles can also have indirect objects as well as direct objects:

分词也可以有间接宾语以及直接宾语：

Reading my daughter a book, I grew sleepy. Giving my friend the news, I chose my words carefully.

Participles can also have direct objects and object complements:

分词也可以有直接宾语和宾语补足语：

The committee, electing Mrs. Klomstok chairwoman, enraged Mr. Lochenhocher.

Participles created from linking verbs can have predicate nominatives or predicate adjectives:

由系动词构成的分词可以有表语名词或表语形容词：

Mr. Dusenberg, being a wise man, refused to argue. Becoming angry, Mr. Lochenhocher yelled across the street at Ruthie. Remaining calm, Ruthie continued practicing the bagpipes.

(Notice that practicing the bagpipes is a gerund phrase.) （注意 practicing the bagpipes 是动名词短语。）

POINTS FOR WRITERS 写作要点

1. Dangling Participles 悬垂分词

As you've just seen, we usually put participles close to the nouns they modify, either before or after. Avoid the infamous dangling participle, a carelessly used participial phrase that doesn't apply logically to a nearby noun. The result is often nonsense:

正如你刚刚看到的，我们通常把分词放在它们修饰的名词附近，要么在前，要么在后。避免臭名昭著的悬垂分词（dangling participle），即一个使用不慎的分词短语，它在逻辑上不适用于附近的任何名词。结果通常是荒谬的：

Rowing across the river, the boat struck the ice. （划船过河，船撞到了冰。→ 船在划船？）

Dancing to the jazz, the orchestra played its closing number. （跟着爵士乐跳舞，管弦乐队演奏了结束曲。→ 管弦乐队在跳舞？）

Falling softly, we watched the snow. （轻轻飘落，我们看着雪。→ 我们在飘落？）

Drinking noisily, Grandmother watched the thirsty dog. （大声喝水，祖母看着口渴的狗。→ 祖母在大声喝水？）

Please don't do this. Please?

请不要这样做。拜托了？

EXERCISES 练习

Because students often find verbals difficult, we've provided many different kinds of exercises in this chapter and the next to help you learn these concepts. (Don't thank us; just send money.)

由于学生经常觉得动词性词很难，我们在本章和下一章中提供了许多不同类型的练习来帮助你学习这些概念。（不用谢我们；寄钱来就行。）

17a. Identify the functions (subjects, direct objects, and others) of the underlined gerunds in these sentences:

识别这些句子中划线动名词的功能（主语、直接宾语和其他）：

  1. Farming is his business.
  2. His business is farming.
  3. He likes farming.
  4. He likes raising corn and soy beans.
  5. He will stay with farming.
  6. His profession, raising corn and soy beans, is a difficult one.

17b. Now locate the gerunds in the following sentences and identify their functions:

现在找出下列句子中的动名词并识别它们的功能：

  1. His hobby is biking.
  2. Biking is his hobby.
  3. He is interested in biking.
  4. His hobby, biking, is a popular one.
  5. Biking ten miles a day is a challenge.
  6. His goal is biking ten miles a day.
  7. He makes time for biking ten miles a day.
  8. She likes being a police woman.
  9. Being a patrol officer is her ideal job.

Review 复习

Before we go to the next exercises, let's have a quick review.

在进入下一个练习之前，让我们快速复习一下。

Gerunds, as we've seen, are present participles used as nouns for many nominal functions:

动名词，正如我们所看到的，是作为名词使用、担任许多名词性功能的现在分词：

Running is his hobby. （动名词作为主语 / A gerund functioning as a subject）

He likes running laps. （动名词短语作为直接宾语 / A gerund phrase as a direct object）

Her hobby is playing the tuba. （动名词短语作为表语名词 / A gerund phrase as a predicate nominative）

We also use present participles to create progressive tense verbs, using the verb to be as auxiliaries:

我们也用现在分词来创建进行时动词，用动词 to be 作为助动词：

He is playing the tuba. She was always playing the tuba. I have been playing the tuba.

So gerunds can be distinguished from progressive tense verbs in at least two ways:

因此动名词至少可以通过两种方式与进行时动词区分：

  1. Gerunds always function as nouns, in a nominal position in the sentence. （动名词总是作为名词，在句子中处于名词位置。）
  2. Progressive tense verbs always have an auxiliary, which is some form of the verb to be. （进行时动词总是有一个助动词，它是动词 to be 的某种形式。）

17c. Using the guidelines above, classify the gerunds and progressive verbs in the underlined portions of these sentences:

使用上述指南，将这些句子划线部分的动名词和进行时动词分类：

  1. Breathing very cold air can be painful.
  2. I love baking cookies.
  3. He found much joy in singing.
  4. He was singing all the time.
  5. You learn a lot from reading books.
  6. When you are driving, time passes quickly.

17d. Do the same thing in the following sentences, in which the gerunds and progressive tense verbs are not marked for you:

对以下句子做同样的事情，其中动名词和进行时动词没有为你标记：

  1. He made a career of programming computers.
  2. I was programming computers.
  3. Programming is my job.
  4. I love juggling.
  5. I am juggling all the time.
  6. Juggling is what I love to do.
  7. Once my hobby was juggling.

Review 复习

Here's another short review concerning verbs and participles:

以下是关于动词和分词的另一个简短复习：

You will recall that the progressive tense verbs, which use present participles to build verb phrases, use the verb to be as auxiliaries:

你会记得，进行时动词使用现在分词来构建动词短语，用动词 to be 作为助动词：

He is driving. She was always playing golf. I will be knitting a sweater.

We also use past participles or present participles to create adjectival phrases that usually appear just before or after the nouns they modify:

我们也用过去分词或现在分词来创建形容词性短语，通常出现在它们所修饰的名词之前或之后：

Sleeping for hours, John recovered from his cold. The dog, barking madly, wouldn't be quiet. Driven to exhaustion, Bob had to rest.

They can also appear after linking verbs:

它们也可以出现在系动词之后：

He seemed disappointed by the news. He became interested in the new book.

So we can distinguish participles from progressive tense verbs or perfect tense verbs in at least two ways:

因此我们至少可以通过两种方式区分分词与进行时动词或完成时动词：

  1. Participles always function as adjectives and usually appear before or after a noun phrase, or after a linking verb. （分词总是作为形容词，通常出现在名词短语之前或之后，或出现在系动词之后。）
  2. Progressive tense verbs always have some form of be as an auxiliary; perfect tense verbs always have some form of have as an auxiliary. （进行时动词总是有 be 的某种形式作为助动词；完成时动词总是有 have 的某种形式作为助动词。）

17e. Using the guidelines above, classify the underlined portions of these sentences as participles, as perfect tense verbs, or as progressive tense verbs.

使用上述指南，将这些句子划线部分分类为分词、完成时动词或进行时动词。

  1. Bob was sleeping for hours.
  2. Bob, driven to exhaustion, had to rest.
  3. Martha has driven Bob to work all week.
  4. Swimming laps, Bob begins his day briskly.
  5. Bob, biking for miles, was exhausted.
  6. Exhausted, Bob nevertheless became intrigued.
  7. Driving to work, Martha saw a red fox.

17f. Do the same thing in the following sentences, in which the participles and verbs are not marked for you:

对以下句子做同样的事情，其中分词和动词没有为你标记：

  1. Snoring loudly, Susan slept through her history class.
  2. Susan was snoring loudly in Calculus.
  3. Driven mad by the noise, Claude threw everything in sight.
  4. Claude had not slept for two days.
  5. Claude appeared worn and worried.
  6. Playing the sax, Al woke up the neighbors.
  7. Written for Susan, the instructions ordered her to drop her history class.

17g. Using the guidelines discussed in this chapter, classify the underlined portions of the following sentences as gerunds, as participles, as perfect tense verbs, or as progressive tense verbs.

使用本章讨论的指南，将下列句子划线部分分类为动名词、分词、完成时动词或进行时动词。

  1. His hobby is reading Shakespeare.
  2. He is always reading Shakespeare.
  3. Reading Shakespeare aloud, he entranced the audience.
  4. Alicia, reading Shakespeare, ignored the speaker.
  5. Driving at night can be dangerous.
  6. I don't like driving at night.
  7. Driving late at night, Ed was exhausted.
  8. Exhausted, Ed drove on.
  9. Ed was driving three nights a week.
  10. He has exhausted himself with the driving.

17h. In these sentences, the gerunds, participles, and verbs are not marked for you. Locate and classify the gerunds, participles, perfect tense verbs, and progressive tense verbs:

在这些句子中，动名词、分词和动词没有为你标记。找出并分类动名词、分词、完成时动词和进行时动词：

  1. Seen through the window, the room was a mess.
  2. We have seen the traffic through the window.
  3. My hobby is playing the tuba.
  4. Bob is playing the tuba.
  5. Playing the tuba, Bob disturbed the library patrons.
  6. Feeling sick, Gloria went home.
  7. Gloria was feeling sick.
  8. Her remarks were about reading Poe.
  9. Sailing on the lake is Cal's hobby.
  10. I like sailing on the lake.
  11. I am sailing again this summer.