Chapter 13¶

They're So Dependent 它们如此依存 Distinguishing Dependent Clauses 区分依存从句（dependent clause）

We've learned that there are three kinds of dependent clauses: subordinate clauses, relative clauses, and nominal clauses.

我们已经学过，依存从句有三种：从句（subordinate clause）、关系从句（relative clause）和名词性从句（nominal clause）。

Sometimes nominal clauses superficially resemble subordinate or relative clauses. This chapter will help you get better at recognizing each kind.

有时名词性从句表面上类似于从句或关系从句。本章将帮助你更好地识别每种从句。

First, let's review. 首先，让我们复习一下。

Subordinate clauses are adverbial. They can modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. When modifying verbs, they are usually moveable. They always begin with a subordinating conjunction:

从句是状语性的。它们可以修饰动词、形容词和其他副词。当修饰动词时，它们通常是可移动的。它们总是以从属连词（subordinating conjunction）开头：

While I have been working, the phone has been ringing. The phone has been ringing while I have been working.

Since my assistant left, my job has been harder. My job has been harder since my assistant left.

Arthur is so generous that he never thinks of himself. 她比我见过的任何人都跑得快。

She runs faster than anyone I've ever seen.

Relative clauses are adjectival, following nouns and occasionally pronouns. They begin with relative pronouns or relative adverbs and follow the nouns they modify.

关系从句是形容词性的，跟在名词后面，偶尔跟在代词后面。它们以关系代词（relative pronoun）或关系副词（relative adverb）开头，并跟在它们修饰的名词之后。

Ed is the man who told me that story. The report that shocked me is summarized in the papers. It was he who called you earlier. We ate at the restaurant in Portland where we first met.

Nominal clauses can fill noun positions just about anywhere in a sentence. Nominalizers or question words appear at the beginning of nominal clauses:

名词性从句几乎可以填充句子中任何地方的名词位置。名词化词（nominalizer）或疑问词出现在名词性从句的开头：

I wonder if he will come to the party. I think that he will come. I wondered why you left early. We have learned how the mistake was made. Whoever speaks up will be heard. She can see whomever she likes.

DISTINGUISHING NOMINAL CLAUSES FROM SUBORDINATE CLAUSES 区分名词性从句与从句

As we saw in the last chapter, nominal clauses are introduced by question words (who, what, where, when, why, how, and others) or by nominalizers (that, if, or whether):

正如我们在上一章中看到的，名词性从句由疑问词（who, what, where, when, why, how 等）或名词化词（that, if 或 whether）引入：

I know when they arrive. I know where they will arrive. I'll decide whether we will go. I wonder if the weather will be pleasant.

You can often recognize nominal clauses because they fill noun positions in their sentences: subjects, direct objects, predicate nominatives, appositives, and others. In most sentences that contain nominal clauses, you can replace each nominal with a noun without changing the grammar of the rest of the sentence:

你通常可以识别名词性从句，因为它们填充句子中的名词位置：主语、直接宾语、表语名词（predicate nominative）、同位语（appositive）等。在大多数包含名词性从句的句子中，你可以用一个名词替换每个名词性从句，而不改变句子其余部分的语法：

I know Bob. I know Milwaukee. I'll decide the matter.

An exception is the word wonder:

一个例外是 wonder 这个词：

I wonder if the weather will be pleasant.

Wonder can be a transitive verb with a direct object only if the direct object is a nominal clause.

Wonder 只有当直接宾语是名词性从句时才能作为及物动词带直接宾语。

Here are some more examples:

以下是更多示例：

My question is what happened to Ralph?（表语名词 / predicate nominative） What happened to Ralph is the question.（主语 / subject） I have learned what happened to Ralph.（直接宾语 / direct object）

Subordinate clauses, which are adverbial, may superficially resemble nominal clauses because some subordinating conjunctions look like question words and nominalizers:

从句是状语性的，可能表面上类似于名词性从句，因为一些从属连词看起来像疑问词和名词化词：

I always meet them when they arrive. I'll meet them whether or not they are on time. I'll meet them if they are on time.

But it's usually easy to distinguish subordinates from nominals. The subordinates---because they are adverbial---are often moveable; they can be shifted to the beginning or end of the sentence:

但通常容易区分子句和名词性从句。从句——因为它们是状语性的——通常是可移动的；它们可以被移到句首或句末：

When they arrive, I always meet them. Whether or not they are on time, I'll meet them. If they are on time, I'll meet them.

Nominal clauses can never be shifted this way.

名词性从句永远不能这样移动。

Before we go further, let's practice distinguishing these clauses.

在进一步学习之前，让我们练习区分这些从句。

EXERCISES: Distinguish Nominals from Subordinates 练习：区分名词性从句与从句

13a. In the following sentences, classify the underlined dependent clauses as either subordinate or nominal.

在以下句子中，将带有下划线的依存从句分类为从句或名词性从句。

I will see if we have any milk.
I will go to the store if we are out of milk.
Whether or not we are out of milk, I will go to the store.
I wonder whether we are out of milk.
I go to the store when we are out of milk.
I will know whether we are out of milk.
I can't understand how we could be out of milk.
I don't know why we are out of milk.
Why we are out of milk is what I want to know.
I told you that we would run out of milk.

13b. In this next set, identify the dependent clauses and classify them as either subordinate or nominal.

在下一组中，识别依存从句并将其分类为从句或名词性从句。

Go see if Jim is here.
We will start dinner if Jim is here.
If Jim is here, we can have dinner.
If Jim is here is what I want to know.
I need to know whether Jim has arrived.
Whether or not he has arrived, we will now have dinner.
When Jim arrives, we will have dinner.
I know when Jim will arrive.
Please tell me how we can have dinner if Jim is not here.

Distinguishing Nominal Clauses from Relative Clauses 区分名词性从句与关系从句

Relative clauses and nominal clauses may also resemble each other superficially.

关系从句和名词性从句也可能表面上相似。

Relative clauses are adjectival. They follow the nouns they modify, and they are introduced by relative pronouns (who, whom, whose, that, which) or by relative adverbs (where, when):

关系从句是形容词性的。它们跟在它们修饰的名词之后，由关系代词（who, whom, whose, that, which）或关系副词（where, when）引入：

There's the book that I need. This is the place where I lost my keys.

In both cases, the relative pronoun or adverb has a grammatical role in its relative clause. The pronouns, of course, have noun functions, and the relative adverbs have adverb functions.

在两种情况下，关系代词或关系副词在其关系从句中都有语法角色。代词当然有名词功能，关系副词有副词功能。

Here are two small points that are sometimes helpful:

以下是有时有用的小知识点：

In relative clauses introduced by the relative pronoun that, the pronoun can usually be replaced by which without a significant change in meaning: （在由关系代词 that 引入的关系从句中，该代词通常可以被 which 替换而意思没有重大变化：）

There's the book that I need. → There's the book which I need.

There's the cat that scratched me. → There's the cat which scratched me.

In relative clauses introduced by the relative pronoun who, the pronoun can usually be replaced by that without a change in meaning: （在由关系代词 who 引入的关系从句中，该代词通常可以被 that 替换而意思不变：）

There's the man who helped me. → There's the man that helped me.

There's the woman whom I need to see. → There's the woman that I need to see.

Nominal clauses may superficially resemble relative clauses because they sometimes begin with question words that are identical to relative pronouns (who, whom, whose, or which), or identical to the relative adverbs when and where.

名词性从句可能表面上类似于关系从句，因为它们有时以与关系代词（who, whom, whose 或 which）相同的疑问词开头，或以与关系副词 when 和 where 相同的词开头。

Nominal clauses may also begin with the nominalizer that, which is identical to the relative pronoun that.

名词性从句也可能以名词化词 that 开头，它与关系代词 that 是相同的。

In distinguishing relative clauses from nominal clauses, remember these differences:

在区分关系从句与名词性从句时，记住这些区别：

In relative clauses, the relative pronoun always plays a grammatical role in its clause, and the relative clause always follows the noun it modifies. （在关系从句中，关系代词总是在其从句中扮演语法角色，并且关系从句总是跟在它修饰的名词之后。）
Nominal clauses will fill a noun position in the sentence; they do not always follow a noun, though they sometimes do. （名词性从句将填充句子中的名词位置；它们并不总是跟在名词之后，尽管有时会。）

Also, in the that-if-whether clauses, the nominalizer plays no role at all in its clause, so the nominalizer that absolutely cannot be replaced by which:

另外，在 that-if-whether 从句中，名词化词在其从句中完全不起任何作用，因此名词化词 that 绝对不能替换为 which：

RIGHT: I know that the weather will be pleasant. IMPOSSIBLE: I know which the weather will be pleasant.

RIGHT: I am sure that we have met before. IMPOSSIBLE: I am sure which we have met before.

With these points in mind, let's work with some sentences. 牢记这些要点，让我们来做一些句子练习。

EXERCISES: Distinguish Nominals from Relatives 练习：区分名词性从句与关系从句

13c. Classify the underlined dependent clauses as either relative (adjectival) clauses or as nominal clauses:

将带有下划线的依存从句分类为关系（形容词性）从句或名词性从句：

I know that she likes me.
That she likes me surprises me.
That is the class that I want.
That is the class that challenges me.
The people who like me are over there.
I know who likes you.
What fascinates me is calculus.
We'll learn why spring begins.
The day when spring begins is next week.
I know the place where I can enroll.

13d. Identify the dependent clauses in these sentences and classify them as relative (adjectival) clauses or nominal clauses:

识别这些句子中的依存从句，并将它们分类为关系（形容词性）从句或名词性从句：

I know who that is.
I will take the book that is least expensive.
There is the fellow whom I've met before.
I know whom you spoke with.
There is the woman who hired me.
The dog that bit me is in that yard.
Who steals my purse steals my gum. （偷我钱包的人偷了我的口香糖。）
I have learned what the answer is.

Distinguishing Subordinate Clauses from Relative Clauses 区分从句与关系从句

Once again, subordinate clauses are adverbial, but they may superficially resemble relative clauses because some subordinating conjunctions (that; so . . . that; when; or where) look like the relative pronoun that or the relative adverbs when and where.

再次说明，从句是状语性的，但它们可能表面上类似于关系从句，因为一些从属连词（that; so . . . that; when; 或 where）看起来像关系代词 that 或关系副词 when 和 where。

We'll remind you again about these differences:

我们再次提醒你这些区别：

Subordinate clauses, being adverbial, are usually moveable when they modify verbs, but relative clauses are never moveable. （从句作为状语性的，当修饰动词时通常是可移动的，但关系从句永远不可移动。）
Subordinate clauses modify verbs and, less often, adjectives or adverbs. Relative clauses modify nouns and pronouns. （从句修饰动词，偶尔修饰形容词或副词。关系从句修饰名词和代词。）
Subordinate clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions, while relative clauses begin with relative pronouns or relative adverbs. （从句以从属连词开头，而关系从句以关系代词或关系副词开头。）

Here are some examples of subordinate clauses, using conjunctions that might be mistaken for relative pronouns or relative adverbs:

以下是一些从句的示例，使用了可能被误认为关系代词或关系副词的连词：

I begin my garden when spring begins. (When spring begins, I begin my garden.)

There is hope where there is life. (Where there is life, there is hope.)

My mother is happy that I have chosen my major. （这个从句修饰 happy，不可移动。）

Here are examples of relative clauses. The first two use the relative adverbs, and the third uses the relative pronoun that:

以下是关系从句的示例。前两个使用关系副词，第三个使用关系代词 that：

Spring is the season when I begin gardening. There is the place where I always have my garden. My neighbors enjoy the vegetables that I raise in my garden.

EXERCISES: Distinguish Subordinates from Relatives 练习：区分从句与关系从句

13e. This time identify the dependent clauses in the following sentences and classify them as relative or as subordinate. Some sentences have two dependent clauses:

这次识别下列句子中的依存从句，并将它们分类为关系从句或从句。有些句子有两个依存从句：

Because it is late, tomorrow we will see the movie that you want to see.
When we saw The Martian, we enjoyed the story about the space traveler who is marooned alone on a planet.
We were quite surprised by the film that we saw last night.
This is the theatre where we saw that film.
Is this the time when the next film is shown?
You should tell your friends when you see a good film.
Where I come from, we have several good movie theatres.

13f. Finally, here's an exercise that brings together all the concepts in this chapter. Identify the dependent clauses in the following sentences and classify them as relative, as subordinate, or as nominal clauses:

最后，这是一个汇集了本章所有概念的练习。识别下列句子中的依存从句，并将它们分类为关系从句、从句或名词性从句：

The place that we call home is Peoria.
I must see if they are here.
I know that they have arrived.
I read an article about the accident that we saw yesterday.
We will see if the storm will hit.
If the storm hits, we will be ready.
I know the time when they will arrive.
The town where I was born is very small.
I wonder where he was born.
I will go to the airport when he arrives.
Whether we want to go or not, we must be at the airport.
I do not know whether he will be on the plane.